Notable Lists and Documents
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The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 6. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has been awarded the Guinness World Record for having collected, translated and disseminated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into more than 300 languages and dialects (UN 1948).
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Prehistoric warfare
Mythological wars
Battle of Zhuolu about 2500 BC
Kurukshetra War, based on warfare in the Kuru kingdom of ancient India, ca. 1200-900 BC
Trojan War, based on events of ca. 1200 BC
ca. 2530 BC - Battle of Magh Ithe in Ireland
ca. 2500-2450 BC - Border wars between Umma and Lagash
ca. 2492 BC - Battle between Haik and Nimrod
ca. 2330 BC - conquest of Sumer by Lugalzagesi
2300 BC - conquests of Sargon of Akkad
ca. 1720 BC - Kassite attacks on Babylon
1650-1600 BC - conquests of Hattusili I and Mursili I
1600 BC - Hyksos conquest of Egypt
1600 BC - Xia-Shang War in China
1430-1350 BC - Kaska invasions of Hatti
1274 BC - Battle of Kadesh
1100 BC - Sea Peoples harrying the Mediterranean; Dorian invasion
1046 BC - Shang-Zhou War in China.
740 BC - 720 BC First Messenian War
722 BC - 481 BCE Wars of the Chinese Spring and Autumn Period
710 BC - 650 BC - Lelantine War
701 BC - Sennacherib's campaigns in the Near East
685 BC - 668 BC Second Messenian War
580 BC - 265 BC Sicilian Wars or Greek Punic Wars
480 BC First Sicilian campaign (Battle of Himera)
410 BC - 340 BC Second Sicilian campaign
315 BC - 307 BC Third Sicilian campaign
499 BC - 448 BC Persian Wars
499 BC - 494 BC Ionian Revolt
492 BC - 490 BC First Persian invasion of Greece
480 BC - 479 BC Second Persian invasion of Greece
487 BC - 448 BC Greek counterattack
475 BC - 221 BC Wars of Warring States Period in China
431 BC - 404 BC Peloponnesian War
395 BC - 387 BC Corinthian War
357 BC - 355 BC Social War
356 BC - 346 BC Third Sacred War
343 BC - 290 BC Samnite Wars between Rome and Samnium
343 BC - 341 BC First Samnite War
327 BC - 304 BC Second Samnite War
298 BC - 290 BC Third Samnite War
334 BC - 323 BC Wars of Alexander the Great
323 BC - 322 BC Lamian War
323 BC - 280 BC Wars of the Diadochi
274 BC - 200 BC Syrian Wars
274 BC - 271 BC First Syrian War
260 BC - 255 BC Second Syrian War
245 BC - 241 BC Third Syrian War
219 BC - 217 BC Fourth Syrian War
202 BC - 200 BC Fifth Syrian War
267 BC - 261 BC Chremonidean War
265 BC - 263 BC Kalinga War
264 BC - 146 BC Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage
264 BC - 241 BC First Punic War
239 BC First Battle of Ballyboghill
218 BC - 202 BC Second Punic War
149 BC - 146 BC Third Punic War
215 BC - 168 BC Macedonian Wars
215 BC - 205 BC First Macedonian War
200 BC - 196 BC Second Macedonian War
171 BC - 168 BC Third Macedonian War
209 BC - 88 BC Parthian–Seleucid Wars
206 BC - 202 BC Chu-Han contention in China
191 BC - 188 BC Roman-Syrian War
135 BC - 71 BC Roman Servile Wars
135 BC - 132 BC First Servile War
109 BC - 108 BC Gojoseon-Han War between China and Korea
104 BC - 100 BC Second Servile War
73 BC - 71 BC Third Servile War or Spartacist Rebellion
133 BC - 89 BC Sino-Xiongnu War
122 BC - 105 BC Jugurthine War
113 BC - 101 BC Cimbrian War
91 BC - 88 BC Social War
88 BC - 87 BC Sulla's first civil war
89 BC - 63 BC Mithridatic Wars
89 BC - 85 BC First Mithridatic War
83 BC - 82 BC Second Mithridatic War
74 BC - 63 BC Third Mithridatic War
82 BC - 81 BC Sulla's second civil war
58 BC - 50 BC Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars
55 BC - 54 BC Julius Caesar's Roman invasion of Britain
53 BC - 51 BC Parthian War of Marcus Licinius Crassus
49 BC - 45 BC Caesar's civil war
44 BC - 30 BC Roman Civil War
44 BC Post-Caesarian civil war
44 BC - 42 BC The Liberators' civil war
44 BC - 36 BC Sicilian revolt
41 BC - 40 BC Fulvia's civil war
32 BC - 30 BC Antony's civil war
40 BC - 37 BC Parthian invasion on Syria and Asia Minor
36 BC - 33 BC Marc Anthony's invasion on Parthian Empire
34 BC-22 BC Chinese War
43 Aulus Plautius' Roman occupation of Britain
58 - 63 Roman-Parthian War over Armenia
60 - 61 Boudica's Uprising
66 - 70 The first Jewish-Roman War (aka the Great Jewish Revolt)
68 Year of the four emperors, Roman civil war
101 - 106 Trajan's Dacian Wars
115 - 117 Trajan' s invasion on Parthian Empire
115 - 117 Second Jewish-Roman War
132 - 135 Third Jewish-Roman War (aka Bar Kokhba's revolt)
161 - 166 Parthian war of Lucius Verus
166 - 180 Marcomannic Wars
184 - 205 Yellow Turban Rebellion in China
190 - 191 Campaign against Dong Zhuo in China - A War of the Three Kingdoms
193 - 199 Parthian war of Septimius Severus
194 - 199 Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong in China - A War of the Three Kingdoms
215 - 217 Parthian war of Caracalla
220 - 265 War of Three Kingdoms in China
228 - 234 Northern Expeditions of Zhuge Liang in China
247 - 262 Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions in China- A War of the Three Kingdoms
272 - 274 Palmyrene War of Aurelian
291 - 306 War of the Eight Princes in China
316 - 589 Civil Wars in China triggered by Wu Hu Invasion, lasted until 589 by Southern and Northern Dynasties
376 - 382 Gothic War in the Balkans
502 - 506 Anastasian War against the Persians
526 - 532 Iberian War between East Romans and Persians over Caucasian Iberia
527 - 528 Iwai Rebellion in Japan
533 - 534 Vandalic War in North Africa
534 - 547 Wars against the Moors in North Africa
535 - 553 Gothic War in Italy
541 - 562 Lazic War between East Romans and Persians over Lazica
572 - 591 Roman-Persian War of 572–591
588 First Perso-Turkic War
588 - 589 Chen-Sui Wars in China
598 - 614 Goguryeo-Sui Wars between China and Korea
~600 - 793 Frisian-Frankish Wars
613 - 628 Transition from Sui to Tang in China
619 Second Perso-Turkic War
627 Battle of Nineveh (627), Third Perso-Turkic War
629 - 630 Tang-Göktürks War
632 - 633 Ridda wars
632 - 677 Byzantine-Arab Wars
633 - 651 Islamic Conquest of Sassanid Empire
634 - 635 Tang-Tuyuhun War
638 Battle of Songzhou, Tang-Tufan War
639 - 641 Islamic conquest of Egypt
640 - 648 Tang-Xiyu states War
645 - 668 Goguryeo-Tang Wars between China and Korea
645 - 646 Tang-Xueyantuo Wars
656 – 661 First Islamic civil war
650s-737 Khazar-Arab Wars
660 - 668 Unification wars of Three Kingdoms in Korea
671 - 676 Silla-Tang Wars between China and Korea
672 Jinshin War
680 - 1355 Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars
711 - 718 Islamic conquest of Hispania
715 - 718 Frankish Civil War
717 - 718 Siege of Constantinople by the Arabs
718 - 1492 Spanish Reconquista
721 - 737 Arab-Frankish Wars
751 Arab-Chinese War
756 - 763 An Shi Rebellion in China
772 - 804 Saxon Wars
793 - 1066 Viking raids across Europe
827 - 902 Arab conquest of Sicily
868 - 883 Zanj Rebellion in southern Iraq
892 - 936 Unification wars of Later Three Kingdoms in Korea
894 - 970 Magyar raids in Germany, France, Italy and Byzantine
895 - 900 Hungarian conquest (Honfoglalás)
907 - 960 Chinese Civil War (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms)
927 Croatian-Bulgarian War
941 Siege of Constantinople by the Russians
977 - 978 War of the Three Henries
993 First Goryeo-Khitan War between Korea and Khitan
995 Battle Of Mount Si High
999 Viking Civil War
1010 1011 Second Goryeo–Khitan War
1014 1014 Battle of Clontarf
1015 1016 Cnut the Great's conquest of England
1018 1018 Boleslaw I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis, 1018
1018 1019 Third Goryeo–Khitan War
1019 1019 Toi Invasion
1030 1030 Battle of Stiklestad
1043 1043 Rus'–Byzantine War (1043)
1048 1308 Byzantine–Seljuk Wars
1051 1063 Zenkunen War
1065 1067 War of the Three Sanchos
1066 1088 Norman conquest of England
1083(disputed) 1089(disputed) Gosannen War
1096 1099 First Crusade
Part of the Crusades
Summer of 1101 Crusade of 1101
Part of the Crusades
1145 1149 Second Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1147 1242 Northern Crusades
Part of the Crusades
1156 1156 Hōgen Rebellion
1160 1160 Heiji Rebellion
1169 1175 Norman invasion of Ireland
1180 1185 Genpei War
1185 1204 Uprising of Asen and Peter
1189 1192 Third Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1202 1204 Fourth Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1206 1324 Mongol conquests
1208 1227 Livonian Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1209 1229 Albigensian Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1213 1221 Fifth Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1214 1214 Battle of Bouvines
1215 1217 First Barons' War
1228 1229 Sixth Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1242 1249 First Prussian Uprising
1248 1254 Seventh Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1260 1274 Great Prussian Uprising
1262 1262 Berke–Hulagu war
1264 1267 Second Barons' War
1266 1266 Battle of Benevento
Part of Guelphs and Ghibellines
1270 1270 Eighth Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1271 1272 Ninth Crusade
Part of the Crusades
1282 1302 War of the Sicilian Vespers
1296 1328 First War of Scottish Independence
1302 1302 Battle of the Golden Spurs
1308 1308 Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
1315 1315 Battle of Morgarten
1315 1318 Irish-Bruce Wars (1315-1318)
1321 1322 Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
1323 1328 Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–1328
1326 1332 Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)
1332 1357 Second War of Scottish Independence
1337 1453 Hundred Years' War
1341 1364 Breton War of Succession
Part of the Hundred Years' War
1375 1378 War of the Eight Saints
1380 1380 Battle of Kulikovo
1383 1385 1383–1385 Crisis
1380s Early 1390s Tokhtamysh–Timur war
1386 1404 Timur's invasions of Georgia
1402 1402 Battle of Ankara
1407 1427 Fourth Chinese domination
1409 1411 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
1410 or 1411 1410 or 1411 Ming–Kotte War
1414 1414 Hunger War
1419 1419 Ōei Invasion
1419 1434 Hussite Wars
1422 1422 Siege of Constantinople (1422)
1422 1422 Gollub War
1425 1454 Wars in Lombardy
1431 1435 Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
1431 1435 Lithuanian Civil War (1431–1435)
1444 1444 Battle of Torvioll
1453 1453 Fall of Constantinople
1454 1466 Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)
1455 1485 Wars of the Roses
1456 1456 Siege of Belgrade
1462 1462 The Night Attack
1467 1477 Ōnin War
1467 1479 War of the Priests
1470 1471 Dano-Swedish War (1470-1471)
1471 1471 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa
1474 1477 Burgundian Wars
1475 1479 War of the Castilian Succession
1480 1480 Siege of Rhodes (1480)
1482 1484 War of Ferrara
1482 1492 Granada War
1492 1494 First Muscovite–Lithuanian War
1494 1498 Italian War of 1494–1498
1495 1497 Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497)
1499 1504 Italian War of 1499–1504
1499 1499 Swabian War
1499 1503 Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)
1500 1503 Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War
1503 1505 Landshut War of Succession
1505 1517 Portuguese–Mamluk naval war
1507 1508 Third Muscovite–Lithuanian War
1508 1516 War of the League of Cambrai
1509 1509 Battle of Diu (1509)
1509 1512 Ottoman Civil War
1510 1510 Portuguese Conquest of Goa
1512 1522 Fourth Muscovite–Lithuanian War
1514 1514 Battle of Chaldiran
1515 1515 Slovenian peasant revolt of 1515
1516 1517 Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)
1519 1521 Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21)
1519 1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1520 1521 Revolt of the Comuneros
1521 1526 Italian War of 1521–1526
1521 1523 Swedish War of Liberation
1522 1522 Siege of Rhodes (1522)
1524 1526 German Peasants' War
1526 1530 War of the League of Cognac
1526 1526 Battle of Mohács
1527 1697 Spanish conquest of Yucatán
1527 1528 Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
1529 1543 Ethiopian–Adal War
1529 1529 First war of Kappel
1529 1529 Siege of Vienna
1529 1532 Inca Civil War
1530 1552 Little War in Hungary
1531 1531 Second war of Kappel
1531 1572 Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
1532 1555 Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)
1534 1536 Count's Feud
1534 1537 Fifth Muscovite–Lithuanian War
1536 1538 Italian War of 1536–1538
1542 1546 Italian War of 1542–1546
1542 1543 Dacke War
1546 1547 Schmalkaldic War
1548 1549 Burmese–Siamese War (1548–49)
1551 1559 Italian War of 1551–1559
1552 1556 Kazan War
1552 1552 Siege of Kazan (1552)
1554 1557 Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
1558 1583 Livonian War
1562 1598 French Wars of Religion
1563 1570 Northern Seven Years' War
1567 1872 Philippine revolts against Spain
1568 1571 Morisco Revolt
1568 1648 Eighty Years' War
1569 1573 First Desmond Rebellion
1569 1570 Rising of the North
1570 1573 Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
1571 1571 Russo-Crimean War (1571)
1573 1573 Croatian-Slovenian peasant revolt
1578 1590 Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)
1579 1583 Second Desmond Rebellion
1580 1583 War of the Portuguese Succession
1580 1589 Turkish–Portuguese Conflicts (1580–1589)
1583 1588 Cologne War
1585 1604 Anglo-Spanish War (1585)
1590 1595 Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
1592 1598 Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
1593 1606 Long War (Ottoman wars)
1593 1617 Moldavian Magnate Wars
1594 1603 Nine Years' War (Ireland)
1596 1596 Cudgel War
1600 1611 Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)
1602 1661 Dutch–Portuguese War
1603 1618 Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)
1605 1618 Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
1609 1614 War of the Jülich succession
1610 1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War
1610 1617 Ingrian War
1611 1613 Kalmar War
1617 1618 Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)
1618 1648 Thirty Years' War
1620 1621 Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)
1621 1625 Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)
1623 1639 Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)
1625 1625 First Genoese-Savoyard War
1626 1629 Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)
1627 1627 First Manchu invasion of Korea
1628 1631 War of the Mantuan Succession
Part of the Thirty Years' War
1632 1634 Smolensk War
1633 1634 Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)
1634 1638 Pequot War
1635 1659 Franco-Spanish War (1635)
1636 1637 Second Manchu invasion of Korea
1639 1639 First Bishops' War
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1640 1640 Second Bishops' War
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1640 1652 Catalan Revolt
1640 1668 Portuguese Restoration War
1640 1701 Beaver Wars
1641 1653 Irish Confederate Wars
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1641 1644 First War of Castro
1642 1646 First English Civil War
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1643 1645 Torstenson War
Part of the Thirty Years' War
1643 1645 Kieft's War
1644 1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan War
1644 1674 Char Bouba war
1644 1651 Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1645 1669 Cretan War (1645–1669)
1648 1657 Khmelnytsky Uprising
1648 1649 First Fronde
1648 1649 Second English Civil War
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1649 1651 Third English Civil War
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1649 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1649 1649 Second War of Castro
1650 1653 Second Fronde
1651 1986 Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War
1652 1654 First Anglo-Dutch War
1652 1689 Russian–Manchu border conflicts
1654 1667 Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
1654 1660 Anglo-Spanish War (1654)
1655 1655 Peach Tree War
1655 1660 Second Northern War
1656 1658 Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)
Part of the Second Northern War
1657 1658 Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658)
Part of the Second Northern War
1658 1660 Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660)
Part of the Second Northern War
1663 1664 Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)
1665 1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War
1665 1709 Kongo Civil War
1666 1671 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)
1667 1668 War of Devolution
1670 1671 Stenka Razin Rebellion
1672 1676 Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)
1672 1678 Franco-Dutch War
1672 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War
Part of the Franco-Dutch War
1673 1681 Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1675 1679 Scanian War
Part of the Franco-Dutch War
1675 1676 King Philip's War
1676 1681 Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
1681 1707 War of 27 years
1683 1699 Great Turkish War
1683 1699 Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) Part of the Great Turkish War
1683 1684 War of the Reunions
1684 1699 Morean War Part of the Great Turkish War
1685 1685 Monmouth Rebellion
1686 1700 Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
1687 1689 Crimean campaigns
1688 1697 Nine Years' War
1689 1697 King William's War Part of the Nine Years' War
1689 1691 Williamite War in Ireland
Part of the Nine Years' War
1689 1692 Jacobite Rising in Scotland
1695 1696 Azov campaigns
1699 1700 Darien scheme
1700 1721 Great Northern War
1701 1714 War of the Spanish Succession
1702 1713 Queen Anne's War
Part of the War of the Spanish Succession
1702 1715 Camisard Rebellion
1703 1711 Rákóczi's War for Independence
1707 1708 Bulavin Rebellion
1710 1711 Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
1711 1715 Tuscarora War
1712 1716 First Fox War
1714 1718 Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)
1715 1717 Yamasee War
1715 1715 First Jacobite Rising Also called "The Fifteen"
1718 1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance
1721 1763 Chickasaw Wars
1722 1725 Dummer's War
1722 1723 Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
1728 1733 Second Fox War
1733 1738 War of the Polish Succession
1735 1736 Miao Rebellion 1735-36
1735 1739 Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739)
1739 1748 War of Jenkins' Ear
Part of the War of the Austrian Succession
1740 1748 War of the Austrian Succession
1740 1742 First Silesian War
Part of the War of the Austrian Succession
1741 1743 Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
Part of the War of the Austrian Succession
1744 1748 King George's War
Part of the War of the Austrian Succession
1744 1745 Second Silesian War
Part of the War of the Austrian Succession
1745 1746 Jacobite Rising of 1745
Also called "The Forty-Five"
1746 1748 First Carnatic War
Part of the War of the Austrian Succession
1749 1754 Second Carnatic War
1754 1763 French and Indian War
Part of the Seven Years' War
1756 1763 Seven Years' War
1756 1763 Third Silesian War
Part of the Seven Years' War
1757 1763 Third Carnatic War
Part of the Seven Years' War
1758 1761 Anglo-Cherokee War
Part of the French and Indian War
1761 1763 Spanish–Portuguese War (1761–1763)
Part of the Seven Years' War
1763 1766 Pontiac's War
1765 1769 Sino-Burmese War
1766 1769 First Anglo-Mysore War
1768 1768 Louisiana Rebellion of 1768
1768 1774 Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
1768 1772 Bar Confederation
1774 1775 Pugachev's Rebellion
1775 1782 First Anglo-Maratha War
1775 1783 American Revolutionary War
1776 1794 Chickamauga Wars (1776–1794)
1778 1779 War of the Bavarian Succession
1779 1783 Anglo-Spanish War
Part of the American Revolutionary War
1779 1781 First Xhosa War
1780 1784 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Part of the American Revolutionary War
1780 1784 Second Anglo-Mysore War
1781 1781 Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)
1785 1795 Northwest Indian War
1786 1787 Shays' Rebellion
1787 1791 Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791)
1787 1792 Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
1788 1790 Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
1788 1789 Theater War
1788 1930s Australian frontier wars
1789 1792 Third Anglo-Mysore War
1789 1793 Second Xhosa War
1791 1804 Haitian Revolution
1791 1794 Whiskey Rebellion
1792 1792 Polish–Russian War of 1792
1792 1797 War of the First Coalition
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
1793 1796 War in the Vendée
Part of the War of the First Coalition
1794 1794 Nickajack Expedition
1794 1794 Kościuszko Uprising
1795 1806 Miao Rebellion 1795-1806
1796 1796 Persian Expedition of 1796
1798 1802 War of the Second Coalition
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
1798 1800 Quasi-War
1798 1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798
1798 1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
1799 1803 Third Xhosa War
1799 1800 War of Knives
Part of Haitian Revolution
1801 1805 Temne War
1801 1805 First Barbary War
1801 1801 War of the Oranges
1802 1805 Second War of Haitian Independence
1802 1805 Second Anglo-Maratha War
1803 1805 First Kandyan War
1803 1803 Emmet's Insurrection
1803 1805 War of the Third Coalition
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1804 1804 Battle of Sitka
Part of the Russian colonization of the Americas
1804 1806 First Serbian Uprising
part of the Serbian revolution
1804 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion
1804 1810 Fulani War
1804 1813 Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
part of the Russo-Persian Wars
1805 1811 Egyptian Revolution
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1805 1805 Janissaries' Revolt
1805 1810 Franco-Swedish War
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1805 1805 Haitian Invasion of Santo Domingo
1806 1807 War of the Fourth Coalition
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1806 1812 Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1806 1807 British invasions of the Río de la Plata
1806 1807 Ashanti-Fante War
1806 1811 War of Christophe's Secession
1806 1811 Vellore Mutiny
1807 1808 Janissaries' Revolt
1807 1818 Mtetwa Empire Expansion
1807 1814 Peninsular War
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1807 1814 Gunboat War
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1807 1812 Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812)
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1807 1809 Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
1808 1810 Rum Rebellion
1808 1809 Finnish War
1808 1809 Spanish Restoration in Santo Domingo
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1808 1808 Bantam Conquest
1808 1809 Dano-Swedish War
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1809 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1809 1810 Quino Revolution
part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1809 1810 Tyrol Rebellion
part of the Napoleonic Wars
1809 1825 Bolivian War of Independence
part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1809 1824 Peruvian War of Independence
part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1810 1818 Argentine War of Independence
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1810 1811 Tecumseh's War
Part of the War of 1812
1810 1811 Anglo-Dutch Java War
1810 1810 US Occupation of West Florida
1810 1817 Merina Conquest of Madagascar
1810 1820 Punjab War
1810 1826 Chilean War of Independence
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1810 1810 Conquest of Hawaii
1810 1818 Amadu's Jihad
1810 1813 Lamu Expansion
1810 1821 Mexican War of Independence
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1811 1811 Tonquin incident
1811 1812 Fourth Xhosa War
1811 1811 Ga-Fante War
1811 1815 Arakanese Uprising
1811 1811 Battle of Las Piedras
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1811 1812 Cambodian Rebellion
Cambodian Usurpation
1811 1812 Korean Revolt
1811 1811 Paraguayan Revolt
1811 1812 Owu-Ife War
1811 1818 Ottoman-Saudi War
1811 1823 Venezuelan War of Independence
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1812 1812 French invasion of Russia
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
1812 1814 War of the Sixth Coalition
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
1812 1815 War of 1812
1812 1816 Second Barbary War
1813 1814 Creek War
1813 1813 Peoria War
1814 1814 Norwegian-Swedish War
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
1814 1816 Gurkha War
1814 1816 Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War
1814 1814 Hadži Prodan's Revolt
Part of the Serbian revolution
1815 1817 Second Serbian Uprising
Part of the Serbian revolution
1815 1816 Spanish reconquest of New Granada
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1815 1815 Second Kandyan War
1815 1815 Hundred Days
War of the Seventh Coalition
1815 1815 Neapolitan War
1815 1815 Temne-Susu War
1817 1864 Caucasian War
1817 1818 Third Anglo-Maratha War
1817 1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War
1817 1818 First Seminole War
Part of the Seminole Wars
1817 1817 Pernambucan Revolt
1818 1819 Fifth Xhosa War
1818 1828 Zulu Wars of Conquest
1819 1820 Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1820 1822 Ecuadorian War of Independence
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
1820 1823 Trienio Liberal
1820 1823 Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)
1821 1823 Brazilian War of Independence
1821 1832 Greek War of Independence
1821 1837 Padri War
1821 1829 Spanish reconquest of Mexico
1821 1848 Comanche–Mexico War
1822 1844 Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo
1823 1831 First Anglo-Ashanti War
1823 1826 First Anglo-Burmese War
1825 1825 Decembrist revolt
1825 1828 Cisplatine War
1825 1830 Java War
1825 1825 Franco-Trarzan War of 1825
1826 1828 Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
Part of the Russo-Persian Wars
1827 1827 Winnebago War
1828 1829 Gran Colombia – Peru War
1828 1834 Liberal Wars
1828 1829 Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
1829 1829 Chilean Civil War of 1829
1830 1830 July Revolution
French Revolution of 1830
1830 1831 November Uprising
1830 1831 Belgian Revolution
1830 1847 French conquest of Algeria
1831 1834 First Siamese–Vietnamese War
1831 1832 Baptist War
1832 1832 Black Hawk War
1832 1833 First Turko-Egyptian War
1833 1840 First Carlist War
1834 1836 Sixth Xhosa War
1835 1836 Toledo War
1835 1836 Texas Revolution
1835 1842 Second Seminole War
Part of the Seminole Wars
1835 1845 War of the Farrapos
War of Tatters
1836 1839 War of the Confederation
1837 1838 Lower Canada Rebellion
Part of the Rebellions of 1837
1837 1838 Upper Canada Rebellion
Part of the Rebellions of 1837
1838 1839 Cherokee War
1838 1838 Battle of Blood River
1838 1838 Mormon War
1838 1839 Pastry War
1838 1839 Aroostook War
1839 1839 Honey War
1839 1842 First Anglo-Afghan War
1839 1842 First Opium War
1839 1851 Uruguayan Civil War
1840 1840 Texas-Comanche War
1841 1845 Second Siamese–Vietnamese War
1841 1842 Dorr Rebellion
1843 1843 Wairau Affray
Part of the New Zealand land wars
1843 1849 Dominican War of Independence
1844 1844 First Franco-Moroccan War
1845 1846 First Anglo-Sikh War
1845 1846 Flagstaff War
Northern War
Part of the New Zealand land wars
1845 1875 Texas-Indian Wars
1846 1864 Navajo Wars
1846 1846 Hutt Valley Campaign
Part of the New Zealand land wars
1846 1846 Dutch intervention in Northern Bali
1846 1847 Seventh Xhosa War
1846 1848 Second Carlist War
War of the Madrugadores
1846 1848 Mexican-American War
1846 1848 Wanganui Campaign
Part of the New Zealand land wars
1847 1855 Cayuse War
1848 1852 Praieira revolt
1848 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1848 1848 Greater Poland Uprising (1848)
1848 1848 French Revolution of 1848
1848 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in the German states
1848 1849 Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas
1848 1848 Wallachian Revolution of 1848
1848 1848 Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848
1848 1848 Dutch intervention in Northern Bali
1848 1849 First Italian War of Independence
1848 1849 Second Anglo-Sikh War
1848 1849 Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1848 1851 First Schleswig War
The Three Years' War
1849 1850 Dutch intervention in Bali
1850 1865 California Indian Wars
1850 1864 Taiping Rebellion
1850 1853 Eighth Xhosa War
1851 1900 Apache Wars
1851 1852 Platine War
War against Oribe and Rosas
1852 1852 Second Anglo-Burmese War
1853 1856 Crimean War
1854 1854 French conquest of Senegal
1854 1860 Bleeding Kansas
1855 1858 Yakima War
1855 1856 Rogue River Wars
1855 1855 Battle of Ash Hollow
1855 1856 Puget Sound War
1855 1867 Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1855 1858 Third Seminole War
part of the Seminole Wars
1856 1857 Campaign of 1856–1857
1856 1860 Second Opium War
Arrow War
1856 1857 Anglo-Persian War
1856 1873 Panthay Rebellion
Du Wenxiu Rebellion
1856 1857 1857 Cheyenne Expedition
1857 1858 Indian Rebellion of 1857
India's First War of Independence
1857 1858 Utah War
1857 1901 (Chan Santa Cruz occupied)
1933 (Last of skirmishes)Caste War of Yucatán
1857 1860 Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute of 1857–1860
1858 1858 Coeur d'Alene War
1858 1858 Fraser Canyon War
1858 1862 Cochinchina Campaign
1859 1859 Second Italian War of Independence
1859 1863 Federal War
1859 1860 Spanish–Moroccan War (1859)
1860 1873 Paiute War
1860 1873 Russian Conquests of Central Asia
1860 1861 First Taranaki War
Second Māori War
Part of New Zealand land wars
1861 1883 Occupation of Araucanía
1861 1865 American Civil War
1861 1867 French intervention in Mexico
Also known as Franco-Mexican War
1862 1862 Dakota War of 1862
1862 1877 Dungan revolt
Muslim Rebellion
1863 1863 Ecuadorian–Colombian War
1863 1865 Dominican Restoration War
1863 1863 Naval battle of Shimonoseki
Part of the Japanese Civil War
1863 1864 Bombardments of Shimonoseki
Part of the Japanese Civil War
1863 1863 Bombardment of Kagoshima
Anglo-Satsuma War
Part of the Japanese Civil War
1863 1865 January Uprising
1863 1864 Invasion of Waikato
Third Māori War
Part of New Zealand land wars
1863 1865 Colorado War
1863 1864 Second Anglo-Ashanti War
1863 1866 Second Taranaki War
Part of New Zealand land wars
1864 1865 Uruguayan War
1864 1865 Mito rebellion
Kantō insurrection
Part of the Japanese Civil War
1864 1864 Hamaguri Rebellion and First Chōshū expedition
Part of the Japanese Civil War
1864 1864 Second Schleswig War
Second Danish-German War
1864 1864 Tauranga Campaign
Part of the New Zealand land wars
1864 1865 Bhutan War
1864 1868 Snake War
Cheyenne and Arapaho War
1864 1865 Russo-Kokandian War
1864 1870 War of the Triple Alliance
Paraguay War
1864 1866 Chincha Islands War
1865 1865 Powder River Expedition of 1865
1865 1865 Morant Bay rebellion
1865 1870 Hualapai War
1865 1868 Basuto-Boer War
1865 1866 Bukharan-Kokandian War
1865 1868 East Cape War
Part of the New Zealand land wars
1865 1868 Russo-Bukharan Wars
1865 1865 Hyōgo naval expedition
Part of the Japanese Civil War
1866 1866 Second Chōshū expedition
Summer War
1866 1866 Austro-Prussian War
Seven Weeks War
German Civil War
1866 1868 Third Italian War of Independence
Part of the Austro-Prussian War
1866 1868 Red Cloud's War
1866 1866 French Campaign against Korea, 1866
Byeongin Western invasion
1867 1875 Comanche Campaign
1867 1874 Klang War
Selangor Civil War
1868 1869 Titokowaru's War
Part of the New Zealand land wars
1868 1869 Boshin War
War of the Year of the Dragon
Part of the Japanese Civil War
1868 1868 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia
1868 1872 War of the Abyssinian Succession
1868 1872 Te Kooti's War
Part of the New Zealand land wars
1868 1878 Ten Years' War
Great War
1869 1869 Haitian Revolution of 1869
1869 1869 Red River Rebellion
1870 1871 Franco-Prussian War
1871 1871 United States expedition to Korea
Sinmi Western invasion
1872 1876 Third Carlist War
1872 1873 Modoc War
Lava Beds War
1873 1904 Aceh War
Thirty Years War
1873 1874 Third Anglo-Ashanti War
1874 1874 Brooks–Baxter War
1874 1875 Red River War
1876 1877 Great Sioux War of 1876-77
Black Hills War
1877 1877 Nez Perce War
1877 1877 Satsuma Rebellion
1877 1879 Ninth Xhosa War
1877 1878 Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
1878 1878 Bannock War
1878 1878 Lincoln County War
1878 1879 Cheyenne War
1878 1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War
1879 1880 Little War (Cuba)
1879 1879 Anglo-Zulu War
1879 1884 War of the Pacific
1879 1879 Sheepeater Indian War
1879 1880 Victorio's War
1880 1881 Basuto Gun War
1880 1881 First Boer War
1881 1881 French occupation of Tunisia
1881 1899 Mahdist War
1883 1914 Ekumeku War
1883 1885 First Madagascar expedition
1883 1886 Tonkin Campaign
1884 1885 Sino-French War
1885 1885 North-West Rebellion
1885 1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War
1885 1887 Third Anglo-Burmese War
1890 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War
1890 1891 Pine Ridge Campaign
1891 1891 Chilean Civil War
1892 1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War
1892 1894 1892–1894 war in the Eastern Congo
1893 1897 War of Canudos
1893 1893 Franco-Siamese War
1893 1894 First Rif War
1893 1894 First Matabele War
1894 1896 Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War
1894 1894 Donghak Peasant Revolution
1894 1895 First Sino-Japanese War
1894 1895 Second Madagascar expedition
1895 1896 First Italo-Ethiopian War
1895 1898 Cuban War of Independence
1895 1895 Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)
1896 1896 Anglo-Zanzibar War
The shortest war in history
1896 1898 Philippine Revolution
1896 1897 Second Matabele War
1897 1897 Greco-Turkish War (1897)
The Thirty Days' War
1897 1898 Anglo-Pathan War
1898 1898 Spanish–American War
1898 1900 Voulet-Chanoine Mission
1899 1901 Boxer Rebellion
1899 1902 Second Boer War
1899 1902 Thousand Days War
1899 1902 (Malvar surrender)
1913 (Irreconcilables active) Philippine–American War
1900 1900 War of the Golden Stool
1901 1902 Anglo-Aro War
1902 1925 War of Unification of Saudi Arabia
1903 1904 British expedition to Tibet
1904 1907 Herero War
1904 1905 Russo-Japanese War
1905 1905 1905 Russian Revolution
1906 1906 Dutch intervention in Bali
1907 1907 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
1908 1908 Dutch intervention in Bali
1908 1909 Persian Civil War
1909 1910 Second Rif War
1909 1911 Wadai War
1910 1921 Mexican Revolution
1910 1918 Border War (1910–1918)
Part of the Mexican Revolution
1911 1912 Second Franco-Moroccan War
1911 1912 Italo-Turkish War
1911 1912 Xinhai Revolution
1911 Revolution
1912 1913 First Balkan War
1912 1916 Contestado War
1912 1933 United States occupation of Nicaragua
Part of the Banana Wars
1913 1913 Second Balkan War
1914 1918 (Armistice)
1919 World War I
1914 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz Part of the Banana Wars
1915 1934 United States occupation of Haiti
Part of the Banana Wars
1916 1917 Kaocen Revolt
1916 1916 Easter Rising
1916 1924 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)
Part of the Banana Wars
1916 1917 National Protection War
Anti-Monarchy War
1916 1918 Arab Revolt
Part of World War I
1917 1917 1917 Russian February Revolution
1917 1917 1917 Russian October Revolution
1917 1923 Russian Civil War
1917 1918 Soviet-Turkish War (1917-1918)
Part of Russian Civil War
1917 1921 Ukrainian War of Independence
Part of the Russian Civil War
1918 1918 Finnish Civil War
Part of Russian Civil War
1918 1918 Georgian–Armenian War 1918
1918 1919 German Revolution
1918 1919 Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)
1918 1919 Polish–Ukrainian War
1918 1920 Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
1918 1920 Armenian–Azerbaijani War
1918 1920 Estonian War of Independence
1918 1920 Latvian War of Independence
1918 1919 Lithuanian–Soviet War
Part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1919 1919 Lithuanian War of Independence (War against the Bermontians)
Part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1919 1919 Polish–Czechoslovak War
1919 1919 Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919
1919 1923 Turkish War of Independence
1919 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War
1919 1919 Portuguese Monarchist Civil War
1919 1920 Italo-Yugoslav War
1919 1921 Polish–Soviet War
1919 1919 First Silesian Uprising
Part of the Silesian Uprisings
1919 1920 Hungarian Revolutionary War
1919 1921 Franco-Syrian War
1919 1921 Irish War of Independence
1919 1922 Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
1920 1921 Franco-Turkish War
1920 1920 Vlora War
1920 1926 Third Rif War
1920 1920 Polish–Lithuanian War
Part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1920 1920 Second Silesian Uprising
Part of the Silesian Uprisings
1920 1920 Turkish–Armenian War
1920 1920 Zhili–Anhui War
1920 1921 Guangdong–Guangxi War
1921 1921 Red Army invasion of Georgia
1921 1921 Third Silesian Uprising
Part of the Silesian Uprisings
1921 1922 East Karelian Uprising
1922 1922 First Zhili–Fengtian War
1922 1923 Irish Civil War
1924 1924 August Uprising
1924 1924 Second Saud–Sharif War
1924 1924 Second Zhili–Fengtian War
1925 1925 Incident at Petrich
1926 1928 Northern Expedition
1926 1929 Cristero War
1927 1949 Chinese Civil War
1928 1929 Afghan Civil War
1929 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
1929 1930 Igbo Women's War
1930 1930 Yen Bai mutiny
1930 1930 Central Plains War Part of Chinese Civil War
1930 1932 Sino-Tibetan War
1931 1932 Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1931 1934 Kumul Rebellion
1932 1932 Ecuadorian Civil War
1932 1932 Shanghai War of 1932
1932 1935 Chaco War
1932 1933 Colombia-Peru War
1934 1934 Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1934 1934 Austrian Civil War
1934 1934 Saudi-Yemeni War
1935 1936 Second Italo-Abyssinian War
1936 1939 Great Arab Revolt in Palestine
1936 1939 Spanish Civil War
1937 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)
1937 1945 Second Sino-Japanese War
Part of World War II
1938 1948 British–Zionist conflict
1938 1938 Battle of Lake Khasan
1939 1939 Hungarian Invasion of the Carpatho-Ukraine
1939 1939 Slovak–Hungarian War
1939 1939 Italian invasion of Albania
1939 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol
1939 1945 World War II
1939 1940 Winter War
Part of World War II
1940 1941 Franco-Thai War
Part of World War II
1941 1941 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
1941 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War
Part of World War II
1941 1944 Continuation War
Part of World War II
1944 1945 Lapland War
1944 1953 Guerilla War in the Baltic states
1944 1949 Ili Rebellion
1945 1946 War in Vietnam (1945–1946)
1945 1949 Indonesian National Revolution
1946 1954 First Indochina War
1946 1949 Greek Civil War
1947 1947 Paraguayan Civil War
1947 1948, Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
1947 1948 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
1948 1950 Pre-Korean War insurgency[3]
1948 1949 1948 Arab–Israeli War
1948 1948 Costa Rican Civil War
1948 Ongoing Internal conflict in Burma
1948 1960 Malayan Emergency
1948 1948 Operation Polo
1950 1953[9] Korean War
1950 1951 Invasion of Tibet (1950–1951)
1950 1958 Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958)
1950 1967 Retribution operations
1952 1956 Tunisian War of Independence
1952 1960 Mau Mau Uprising
1953 1959 Cuban Revolution
1953 1975 Laotian Civil War
1954 1962 Algerian War
1955 1972 First Sudanese Civil War
1955 1975 Vietnam War
1956 1956 Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1956 1956 Suez Crisis
1957 1958 Ifni War
1958 1959 North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
1959 Ongoing Basque conflict
1960 1966 Congo Crisis
1960 1996 Guatemalan Civil War
1961 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion
1961 1961 Bizerte crisis
1961 1991 Eritrean War of Independence
1961 1964 Tuareg Rebellion (1961–1964)
1961 1961 Invasion of Goa
1961 1975 Angolan War of Independence
part of the Portuguese Colonial War
1962 1970 North Yemen Civil War
1962 1962 Sino-Indian War
1962 1966 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
1962 1975 Dhofar Rebellion
1963 1967 Shifta War
1963 1963 Sand War
1963 1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
part of the Portuguese Colonial War
1964 1979 Rhodesian Bush War
1964 Ongoing Colombian armed conflict (1964–present)
1964 1974(cease fire)
1975(independence) Mozambican War of Independence part of the Portuguese Colonial War
1964 1967 War over Water
1964 Ongoing Insurgency in Northeast India
1964 1964 Zanzibar Revolution
1965 1965 Dominican Civil War
1965 1966 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965-1966)
1965 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
1965 1979 Civil war in Chad (1965–1979)
1966 1969 Korean DMZ Conflict (1966-1969)
1966 1966 Samu Incident
1966 1989 South African Border War
1966 1988 Namibian War of Independence
1967 1967 Six-Day War
1967 1975 Cambodian Civil War
1967 1970 Nigerian Civil War
1967 1967 Chola incident
1967 1970 War of Attrition
1967 Ongoing Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
1968 1968 Battle of Karameh
1968 1989 Communist Insurgency War
1968 1998 The Troubles
1968 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1969 Ongoing Insurgency in the Philippines
1969 1969 Football War
1969 1969 Sino-Soviet border conflict
1969 Ongoing Papua conflict
1970 1971 Black September in Jordan
1971 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War
1971 1971 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
1972 1974 First Eritrean Civil War
1972 1979 Operation Wrath of God
1973 1973 Yom Kippur War
1974 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1974 1991 Ethiopian Civil War
1975 2002 Angolan Civil War
1975 1991 Western Sahara War
1975 1990 Lebanese Civil War
1975 1989 Cambodian–Vietnamese War
1975 1975 Insurgency in Laos
1975 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor
1976 1983 Dirty War
1976 1976 Operation Entebbe
1976 2005 Insurgency in Aceh
1977 1992 Mozambican Civil War
1977 1977 Libyan–Egyptian War
1977 1978 Ogaden War
1977 1977 Shaba I
1978 1978 Shaba II
1978 1978 1978 South Lebanon conflict
1978 1979 Uganda–Tanzania War
1978 1987 Chadian–Libyan conflict
1978 Ongoing Turkey – Kurdistan Workers' Party conflict
1979 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War
1979 1990 Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979-1990
1979 1982 Civil war in Chad (1979-1982)
1979 1989 Soviet war in Afghanistan
1980 1992 Salvadoran Civil War
1980 2000 Internal conflict in Peru
1980 1988 Iran–Iraq War
1980 1981 Second Eritrean Civil War
1981 1981 Paquisha War
1981 1986 Ugandan Bush War
1982 1982 Falklands War
1982 1982 Ndogboyosoi War
1982 1982 1982 Lebanon War
1982 2000 South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)
1982 1982 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
1983 1983 Invasion of Grenada
1983 2009 Sri Lankan Civil War
1983 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War
1984 1987 Siachen conflict
1985 1985 Agacher Strip War
1987 1987 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish
1987 1993 First Intifada
1987 1988 Thai–Laotian Border War
1987 Ongoing Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1988 1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War
1989 1991 Mauritania–Senegal Border War
1989 1990 United States invasion of Panama
1989 1992 Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)
1989 1989 Romanian Revolution of 1989
1989 1996 First Liberian Civil War
1989 Ongoing Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
1990 1990 Invasion of Kuwait
1990 1991 Gulf War
1990 1993 Rwandan Civil War
1990 1995 Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)
1990 2006 Casamance Conflict
1991 1991 Ten-Day War
1991 1992 1991–1992 South Ossetia War
1991 1994 Djiboutian Civil War
1991 1995 Croatian War of Independence
1991 2002 Sierra Leone Civil War
1991 2002 Algerian Civil War
1991 Ongoing Somali Civil War
1991 1993 Georgian Civil War
1991 1991 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
1992 1992 East Prigorodny conflict
1992 1996 Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–1996)
1992 1992 War of Transnistria
1992 1993 War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
1992 1995 Bosnian War
1992 1994 Croat–Bosniak War
Part of the Bosnian War
1992 1997 Civil war in Tajikistan
1993 1993 1993 Russian constitutional crisis
1993 1993 1993 Lebanon war
1993 2005 Burundi Civil War
1993 Ongoing Ethnic conflict in Nagaland
1994 1997 Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
1994 1994 Chiapas conflict
1994 1994 1994 civil war in Yemen
1994 1996 First Chechen War
1994 1999 Caprivi conflict
1995 1995 Cenepa War
1995 1995 Hanish Islands conflict
1995 2009 Insurgency in Ogaden
1996 1996 1996 Lebanon war
1996 2006 Nepalese Civil War
1996 2001 Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)
1996 1997 First Congo War
1997 1997 1997 rebellion in Albania
1997 1999 Republic of the Congo Civil War
1997 1997 1997 clashes in Cambodia
1998 1998 War in Abkhazia (1998)
1998 2002 Civil war in Chad (1998–2002)
1998 1999 Kosovo War
1998 2000 Eritrean–Ethiopian War
1998 2003 Second Congo War
1998 1998 Bombing of Iraq (December 1998)
1998 1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War
1999 1999 Kargil War
1999 2000 1999 East Timorese crisis
1999 2001 Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
1999 2003 Second Liberian Civil War
1999 2007 Ituri conflict
1999 1999 Invasion of Dagestan (1999)
1999 2009 Second Chechen War
2000 2005 Second Intifada
2000 2006 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
2001 2001 2001 Indian–Bangladeshi border conflict
2001 2001 Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
2001 Ongoing War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
2002 Ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines
2002 Ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
2002 2002 Operation Defensive Shield
2002 2007 Ivorian Civil War
2002 Ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
2003 2010 War in Darfur
2003 2003 2003 invasion of Iraq
2003 2010 Iraq War
2004 Ongoing Balochistan conflict
2004 Ongoing War in North-West Pakistan
2004 Ongoing Iran–Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan conflict
2004 2004 2004 Haitian rebellion
2004 2007 Central African Republic Bush War
2004 Ongoing Conflict in the Niger Delta
2004 2004 Operation Rainbow
2004 2004 Operation Days of Penitence
2004 Ongoing Sa'dah insurgency
2004 Ongoing South Thailand insurgency
2004 2004 2004 French–Ivorian clashes
Part of the Ivorian Civil War
2004 2009 Kivu conflict
2005 Ongoing Civil war in Chad (2005–present)
2005 2008 Mount Elgon insurgency
2006 2010 Fatah–Hamas conflict
2006 2006 2006 Israel–Gaza conflict
2006 2006 2006 Lebanon War
2006 Ongoing Mexican Drug War
2006 2009 War in Somalia (2006–2009)
2007 Ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara
2007 2009 Tuareg Rebellion (2007–2009)
2007 2007 2007 Lebanon conflict
2007 Ongoing Civil war in Ingushetia
2008 2008 Operation Hot Winter
2008 2008 2008 Mardakert skirmishes
2008 2008 2008 invasion of Anjouan
2008 2008 2008 conflict in Lebanon
2008 Ongoing Cambodian–Thai border stand-off
2008 2008 Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
2008 2008 2008 South Ossetia war
2008 2009 Gaza War
2009 Ongoing Sudanese nomadic conflicts
2009 Ongoing Insurgency in the North Caucasus
2009 Ongoing War in Somalia (2009–)
2009 2009 2009 Nigerian sectarian violence
2009 Ongoing South Yemen insurgency
2010 Ongoing Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown
2010 2010 2010 Eritrea–Ethiopia border skirmish
2010 2010 2010 South Darfur clash
2010 2010 2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots
2010 2010 2010 Kingston conflict
2010 2010 2010 Mardakert skirmish
2010 2010 2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash
2010 April 11 2011 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis
2010 2011 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution
______________________________________________________________________________________
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List of Pre-Modern, Countries, Nations, States, Empires or Territories that no longer exist. Link
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Achaean League, Adiabene, Aetolian League, Akkad, Alamanni, Ammon, Kingdom of Araba, Assyria, Atropatene, Avar Kingdom, Axumite Kingdom, Babylonia, Bithynia, Bosporan Kingdom, Kingdoms of Sub-Roman Britain, Burgundian Kingdom, Cappadocia, Caucasian Iberia, Carthage, Chaldea, Characene, Commagene, Colchis, Cyrene, Dacia, Edom, Egrisi, Egyptian Empire, Elam, Elymais, Ancient Epirus, Etruria, Fatimid Caliphate, Finnveden, Kingdom of the Franks, Frisian kingdom, Galatia, Gallic Empire, Gepid Kingdom, Ghassanid Kingdom, Gordyene, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. Hellenic city-states Athens, Sparta, Syracuse, Hellenistic Empires Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Antigonid, Himyar, Hittites, Hunnic Empire, Hurrians, Illyria, Judah, Judaea, Kindah, Kush, Lakhmids, Lombard Kingdoms, Lycia, Lydia, Macedon, Mauritania, Media, Meroe. Moab, Nabataean kingdom, Nekor, Njudung, Nubia, Numidian Kingdom, Saxons, Odrysian kingdom of Thrace, Osroene, Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Pergamon, Palmyra, Parthia, Philistines, Phoenician city states, Kingdom of Pontus, Rome, Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, Roman Empire, Rugiland, Scythia, Domain of Soissons, Suebic Kingdom, Sumerian city states, Tartessos, Thuringia, Urartu, Värend, Vasconia, Visigothic Kingdom, Yamkhad, Yemeni Kingdoms, qataban, hadramaut, Sabaeans, Minaeans, Troy, Dumnonia, Bryneich, Ebrauc, Calchfynedd, Elmet, Rheged, Pengwern, Deira, Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Haestingas, Magonsaete, Hwicce, Middle Saxons, Suthrege, Hicca, Wreoconsaete, Gyre, Witware, the Jutes of the Isle of Wight, Wales, Kingdom of Gwynedd, Dyfed, Deheubarth, Powys, Brycheiniog, Ceredigion, Gwent, Morgannwg, Gwerthyrnion, Meirionnydd, Seisyllwg, Rhufoniog, Rhos, Dogfeiling, Dunoting, Maelienydd, Scotland, Sub-Roman Cumbric kingdoms in Scotland, Valentia, Alt Clud (Strathclyde), Gododdin, Manau Gododdin, Pictish kingdoms in Scotland, Cait, Ce, Circinn, Fib, Fidach, Gaelic kingdoms in Scotland, Dál Riata, Kingdom of Scotland, Ireland, Airgíalla, Ulaid, Mide, Laighin, Osraighe, Munster, Uí Maine, Connacht, Aidhne, Breifne, Dál Fiatach, Dál nAraidi, Dál Riata, Desmond, Dublin, Fir Manach, Meath, Moylurg, Uí Failghe, Frankish Kingdom/Carolingian Empire, West Francia, Central Francia, Kingdom of Lotharingia, Duchy of Lorraine, Duchy of Burgundy, Duchy of Brittany, Avignon, Peńíscola under antipope Benedict XIII, Republic of St. Tropez , Duchy of Normandy, Duchy of Bar, Batavian Republic, Countship of Flanders, Duchy of Gelre, Countship of Holland, Duchy of Bouillon, Countship of Namur, Drenthe, Prince-bishopric of Ličge, Duchy of Brabant, Countship of Hainaut, Countship of Hoorn, Breda, Bergen op Zoom, Arkel, Thorn, Montfoort, Friesland (Frisia), Groningen, Oostergo, Westergo, Gemert, Woerden, Prince-bishopric of Utrecht, Countship of Zutphen, East Francia , Holy Roman Empire , Pomerania ruled by the Dukes of Pomerania, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, Christian Hispania, Crown of Aragon, Aragon, Ribagorza, Sobrarbe, Principality of Catalonia , Countship of Barcelona, Urgell, Pallars Sobirŕ, Pallars Jussŕ, Empúries, Kingdom of Valencia, Kingdom of Majorca, Kingdom of Asturias, Kingdom of León, Kingdom/County of Galicia, Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal, County of Coimbra, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Navarre, Suebic Kingdom of Gallaecia, Visigothic Hispania, Vandalic and Alanic kingdoms in Iberia, Moorish Al Andalus , Caliphate of Cordoba, Taifa kingdoms, Albarracín, Algeciras, Almería, Alpuente, Badajoz, Baeza, Balearic Islands or Majorca, Beja and Évora, Carmona, Constantina and Hornachuelos, Cordova, Denia, Granada, Guadix and Baza, Huelva, Jaen, Jérica, Lisbon, Lorca, Malaga, Menorca, Mértola, Molina, Morón, Murcia, Murviedro and Sagunto, Niebla, Orihuela, Purchena, Ronda, Saltés and Huelva, Algarve, Santarém, Segorbe, Segura, Seville, Silves, Tavira, Tejada, Toledo, Tortosa, Valencia, Zaragoza, Post-Roman Kingdom of Italy, Republic of Venice, Republic of Genoa, Carantania, Duchy of Lucca, Duchy of Modena and Reggio, Duchy of Parma, Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, Duchy (first Countship) of Savoy, Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Tuscany, Volga Bulgaria, Novgorod Republic, Golden Horde, Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberia Khanate, Big Horde, Khazar Empire, Kievan Rus, Trubczewsk, Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Republic of Ragusa/Dubrovnik, Medieval Croatian state, Great Bulgaria, First Bulgarian Empire, Second Bulgarian Empire, Bulgarian Khanate, Byzantine Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, Despotate of Epirus, Despotate of Morea, European Crusader States, Latin Empire of Constantinople, Kingdom of Thessalonica, Principality of Achaea, Duchy of Athens, Duchy of the Archipelago, Sultanate of Rüm, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Crusader States, Countship of Edessa, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Principality of Antioch, Countship of Tripoli, Kingdom of Cyprus, Khwarezmian Empire, Mongol Empire, Crimean Khanate, Tibetan Empire, Nanzhao, Kingdom of Dali, Guge, Fatimid Caliphate, In North Africa: Seljuk Empire, Frisia, Timurid Empire Persia, Central Asia: Dzungar, Mahajanapadas, Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappa, Mohenjo Daro in present Pakistan) South Asia, Magadha, Nanda Empire, Maurya Empire, Sunga Empire, Kanva Empire, Kharavela Empire, Kuninda Kingdom, Indo Scythian Kingdom, Chera dynasty, Pandyan Kingdom, Chola Empire, Satavahana Empire, Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Parthian Kingdom, Western Satraps, Kushan Empire, Indo-Sassanid Kingdom, Kalabhras Kingdom, Gupta Empire, Pallava dynasty, Kadamba Dynasty, Western Ganga Dynasty, Vishnukundina, Huna Kingdom, Chalukya dynasty, Harsha, Eastern Chalukyas, Pratihara Empire, Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, Paramara dynasty, Yadava Kingdom, Solanki, Western Chalukya Empire, Hoysala Empire, Sena dynasty, Eastern Ganga dynasty, Kakatiya dynasty, Kalachuri, Muslim Sultanates , Delhi Sultanate, Ahom Kingdom, Vijayanagara Empire, Kingdom of Mysore, Madurai, Thanjavur Nayak kingdom, Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire, Mughal Empire, China, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty, Warring States, Chu, Cai, Cao, Chen, Lu, Song, Yue, Wu, Jin, Han, Zheng, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan, Qin, Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms, Eastern Wu, Cao Wei, Shu Han, Jin Dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms, Cheng Han, Former Liang, Former Qin, Former Yan, Han Zhao, Later Liang, Later Qin, Later Yan, Later Zhao, Northern Liang, Northern Yan, Southern Liang, Southern Yan, Western Liang, Western Qin, Xia, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Liu Song, Northern Wei, Southern Qi, Eastern Wei, Liang Dynasty, Western Wei, Chen, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Later Liang Dynasty, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty, Later Zhou Dynasty, Wu, Wuyue, Min, Chu, Southern Han, Former Shu, Later Shu, Jingnan, Southern Tang, Northern Han, Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty,Liao Dynasty, Western Xia, Jin Dynasty, Karasahr, Khotan, Kucha, Yarkand, Gojoseon, Jin, Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Gaya Confederacy, Unified Silla, Balhae, Taebong, Hubaekje, Goryeo, Republic of Ezo, Ryukyu Kingdom,:Sultanate of Maguindanao, Kingdom of Tondo, Kingdom of Maynila, Kingdom of Namayan, Annam, Âu Lạc, Champa, Amaravati (Champa), Kauthara, Panduranga, Vijaya, Cochinchina, Funan, Kampuchea Krom, Nam Việt, North Vietnam, Sedang, South Vietnam, Tonkin, Vạn Xuân, Văn Lang, Khmer Empire, Chenla, Shambhupura, Óc Eo, Langkasuka, Sukhothai kingdom, Tambralinga, Patani Kingdom, Lanna, Dvaravati, Raktamaritika, Hariphunchai, Pyu city-states,Mon kingdoms,Singhanavati, Pasai, Gangga Negara, Pan Pan, Tarumanagara, Sultanate of Aceh, Sultanate of Demak, Majapahit, Mataram Kingdom, Sunda Kingdom, Melayu Kingdom, Singhasari, Kediri, Malacca Sultanate, Pala Empire, Singhasari, Srivijaya, Johor Sultanate, Federation of Malaya, Kingdom of Pajang, Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo. Ancient Pueblo Peoples (Anasazi), Aztec Empire, Cahokia, Carib, Chachapoya, Chimú, Ciboney, Huari (Wari), Inca civilization, Tiwanaku, Maya civilization, Moche (Mochica), Nazca (Ica-Nazca), Olmec, Selk’nam, Taino, Timucuan, Teotihuacan Empire, Tlaxcala, Toltecs, Tahuantinsuyu (the Inca Empire), Tu'i Tonga Empire, Kingdom of Hawaii, Kingdom of Maui, Kingdom of Molokai, Kingdom of Oahu, Kingdom of Kauai (Wikipedia 2010).
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List of Extinct Sovereign, Countries, Nations, States, Empires or Territories that have ceased to exist as politcal entites. Link
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Kingdom of Ireland , Lordship of Ireland, Kingdom of Osraige, Kingdom of Aidhne, Kingdom of Mide, Kingdom of Uí Failghe, Kingdom of Tara, Kingdom of Dublin, Kingdom of Breifne, Kingdom of Leinster, Kingdom of Connacht, Kingdom of Munster. Modern states: Europe: Icelandic Commonwealth, Grand Duchy of Finland in personal union with imperial Russia, Finnish Democratic Republic, Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic in southern Finland , Kingdom of Finland, Kingdom of Iceland, Kalmar Union, Union of Denmark-Norway, Union of Sweden and Norway, Carolingian Empire, French First Republic, First French Empire, French Second Republic, Second French Empire, French Third Republic, Vichy France, French Fourth Republic, Corsican Republic, Anglo-Corsican Kingdom, County of Foix, Republic of Goust, Free States of Menton and Roquebrune, Holy Roman Empire, Confederation of the Rhine, German Confederation, North German Federation, German Empire, Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, German Democratic Republic, Alsace-Lorraine, Alsace Soviet Republic, Anhalt, Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen, Baden, Bavaria, Bavarian Soviet Republic, Bremen, Brunswick, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Kingdom of Hanover, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Homburg, Hesse-Kassel, Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Holstein, Lippe, Lübeck, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Nassau, Oldenburg, Prussia, Duchy of Prussia, Brandenburg-Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia, Reuss, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Hildburghausen, Saxe-Lauenburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxony, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schleswig, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck, Württemberg, Cisalpine Republic, Cispadane Republic, Republic of Cospaia, Sovereign Principality of Elba, Kingdom of Etruria, Italian Republic (Napoleonic), Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic), Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, Duchy of Lucca, Duchy of Mantua, Duchy of Massa and Carrara, Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Modena, Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Parma, Papal States, Roman Republic, Kingdom of Sardinia, Kingdom of Tavolara, Transpadane Republic, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Free Territory of Trieste, Republic of Venice, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Ireland, Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain, Prince-Bishopric of Ličge, United Belgian States, Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, Batavian Republic, Kingdom of Holland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lemko-Rusyn Republic, Duchy of Warsaw, Free City of Danzig, Galician Soviet Socialist Republic, Republic of Kraków, Duchy of Courland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Republic of Central Lithuania, Duchy of Courland, Republic of Perloja, Russian Empire, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Soviet Republic of Naissaar, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Slovak Soviet Republic, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Caliphate of Córdoba, Crown of Aragon, Crown of Castile, Emirate of Granada, Kingdom of Asturias, Kingdom of Galicia, Kingdom of León, Kingdom of Navarre, Suebic Kingdom of Galicia, County of Barcelona, County of Empúries, County of Pallars Sobirŕ, County of Urgell, Taifa of Almería, Taifa of Badajoz, Taifa of Córdoba, Taifa of Denia, Taifa of Lisbon, Taifa of Málaga, Taifa of Murcia, Taifa of Seville, Taifa of Toledo, Taifa of Valencia, Taifa of Zaragoza, Taifa of Lleida, Taifa of Tortosa, Republic of Catalonia, Visigothic Kingdom, Couto Mixto, Ottoman Empire, Lazistan, Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, Republic of Mountainous Armenia, Durrani Empire, Kingdom of Iraq, Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Gilan, Republic of Ararat, Republic of Mahabad, Alawite State, Jabal el Druze, State of Aleppo, State of Damascus, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Sikkim, Kingdom of Mysore, Chinese Soviet Republic in Jiangxi Province, Korean Empire, Republic of Ezo, Republic of Formosa, Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province, Manchukuo, Mongolian People's Republic, Ryukyu Kingdom, Tuva, Pattani kingdom, Kingdom of Sarawak, Sultanate of Johore, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Mataram, Sultanate of Rajah Buayan, Sultanate of Sulu, North Vietnam. South Vietnam, Pyu city-states, Mon kingdoms, Bagan Dynasty, Ava, Pegu, Mrauk U, Taungoo Dynasty, Konbaung Dynasty, Shan States, Arakan, North America:Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Cahokia, Huron Confederacy, Iroquois Confederacy, Cherokee Nation, Vermont Republic, State of Franklin, State of Muskogee, First Mexican Empire, West Florida, Republic of Indian Stream, Republic of Texas, California Republic, Alta California, Confederate States of America, Second Mexican Empire, Republic of Manitoba, Dominion of Newfoundland, Olmec nation, Toltec kingdom/empire, Aztec Empire, Tlaxcala nation, Zapotec kingdom, Maya civilization, Northern America, Republic of the Rio Grande, Republic of Yucatán, United Provinces of Central America, Chan Santa Cruz, Republic of Acre, Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia, Kingdom of Chimor, Confederation of the Equator, Gran Colombia, Inca Empire, Juliana Republic, Liga Federal, Peru-Bolivian Confederation, Riograndense Republic, Pre-colonial Africa, Republic of Salč, Republic of Bou Regreg, Ashanti Empire, Aro Confederacy, Basutoland, Benin, Buganda, Bunyoro, Burundi, Dahomey, Fante Confederacy, Fulani Empire, Gao, Ghana, Great Zimbabwe, Kanem-Borno, Mali, Merina, Monomotapa, Pemba, Tanzania, Songhai, Toro, Zanzibar, Zululand, Afars and Issas, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Belgian Congo, British America, British East Africa, British Guiana, British Honduras, British India, British North America, Congo Free State, Danish West Indies, Dutch Guiana, French Equatorial Africa, French Indochina, French Somaliland, French Sudan, French West Africa, German East Africa, German New Guinea, German South-West Africa, Gold Coast, Hong Kong, Indian princely states, Italian East Africa, Italian North Africa, Macao, Middle Congo, Minorca, Netherlands East Indies, Netherlands Guiana, Netherlands New Guinea, New France, New Granada, New Hebrides, New Netherlands, New Spain Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Orange River Sovereignty, Oubangui-Chari, Panama Canal Zone, Commonwealth of the Philippines, Portuguese East Africa, Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese India, Portuguese Timor, Portuguese West Africa, Rhodesia, Rio Muni, Ruanda-Urundi, Kingdom of Sarawak, Protectorate of South Arabia, Southern Rhodesia Spanish East Indies, Spanish Guinea, Spanish Sahara, The Straits Settlements, Tanganyika, The colonies of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Upper Canada and Lower Canada (later, the Province of Canada), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland, plus the territory of Rupert's Land, West Indies (Wikipedia 2010).
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Types of World Governments
The World Factbook - Central Intellience Agency (C.I.A.) Link
Absolute monarchy - a form of government where the monarch rules unhindered, i.e., without any laws, constitution, or legally organized opposition.
Anarchy - a condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the absence of governmental authority.
Authoritarian - a form of government in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of citizens' lives.
Commonwealth - a nation, state, or other political entity founded on law and united by a compact of the people for the common good.
Communist - a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single - often authoritarian - party holds power; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society).
Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces, or territories, that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government.
Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions, and limits of that government.
Constitutional democracy - a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution.
Constitutional monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch is guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom.
Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.
Democratic republic - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them.
Dictatorship - a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws).
Ecclesiastical - a government administrated by a church.
Emirate - similar to a monarchy or sultanate, but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of an emir (the ruler of a Muslim state); the emir may be an absolute overlord or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.
Federal (Federation) - a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided - usually by means of a constitution - between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies, or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units.
Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives.
Islamic republic - a particular form of government adopted by some Muslim states; although such a state is, in theory, a theocracy, it remains a republic, but its laws are required to be compatible with the laws of Islam.
Maoism - the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people.
Marxism - the political, economic, and social principles espoused by 19th century economist Karl Marx; he viewed the struggle of workers as a progression of historical forces that would proceed from a class struggle of the proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to a socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a classless society - Communism.
Marxism-Leninism - an expanded form of communism developed by Lenin from doctrines of Karl Marx; Lenin saw imperialism as the final stage of capitalism and shifted the focus of workers' struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries.
Monarchy - a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen, or prince - with constitutionally limited authority.
Oligarchy - a government in which control is exercised by a small group of individuals whose authority generally is based on wealth or power.
Parliamentary democracy - a political system in which the legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor along with the cabinet ministers - according to party strength as expressed in elections; by this system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the people as well as to the parliament.
Parliamentary government (Cabinet-Parliamentary government) - a government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it; this type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function.
Parliamentary monarchy - a state headed by a monarch who is not actively involved in policy formation or implementation (i.e., the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature (parliament).
Presidential - a system of government where the executive branch exists separately from a legislature (to which it is generally not accountable).
Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.
Socialism - a government in which the means of planning, producing, and distributing goods is controlled by a central government that theoretically seeks a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor; in actuality, most socialist governments have ended up being no more than dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite.
Sultanate - similar to a monarchy, but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.
Theocracy - a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, but the Deity's laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs, etc.); a government subject to religious authority.
Totalitarian - a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling not only all political and economic matters, but also the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population.
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Major Religions of the World
Ranked by Number of Adherents Link
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- Christianity: 2.1 billion
- Islam: 1.5 billion
- Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist: 1.1 billion
- Hinduism: 900 million
- Chinese traditional religion: 394 million
- Buddhism: 376 million
- primal-indigenous: 300 million
- African Traditional & Diasporic: 100 million
- Sikhism: 23 million
- Juche: 19 million
- Spiritism: 15 million
- Judaism: 14 million
- Baha'i: 7 million
- Jainism: 4.2 million
- Shinto: 4 million
- Cao Dai: 4 million
- Zoroastrianism: 2.6 million
- Tenrikyo: 2 million
- Neo-Paganism: 1 million
- Unitarian-Universalism: 800 thousand
- Rastafarianism: 600 thousand
- Scientology: 500 thousand
Adherents.com is a growing collection of over 43,870 adherent statistics and religious geography citations: references to published membership/adherent statistics and congregation statistics for over 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, ultimate concerns, etc. Link
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Religion in the United States
The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 2007 Link
Percentage of U.S. Population Among Adults
Christian 78.4%: Protestant 51.3%, Catholic 23.9%, Mormon 1.7%, Jehova's Witness .7%, Orthodox .6%, Other Christian .3%.
Total Other Religions 4.7%: Jewish 1.7% ----- Buddhists .7% ----- Muslim .6% ----- Hindu .4% ------ Other Faiths 1.2% --------- Unaffiliated 16.1% -------- Don't Know/Refused .8%
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Major Ancient Gods and Goddesses Link
Agdistis or Angdistis, Ah Puch, Ahura Mazda, Alberich, Amaterasu, An, Anansi, Anat, Andvari, Anshar, Anu, Aphrodite, Apollo, Apsu, Ares, Artemis, Asclepius, Athena, Athirat, Athtart, Atlas, Baal, Ba Xian, Bacchus, Balder, Bast, Bellona, Bergelmir, Bes, Bixia , uanjin, Bragi, Brahma, Brigit, Camaxtli, Ceres, Ceridwen, Cernunnos, Chac, Chalchiuhtlicue, Charun, Chemosh, Cheng-huang, Cybele, Dagon, Damkina (Dumkina), Davlin, Dawn, Demeter, Diana, Di Cang, Dionysus, Ea, El, Enki, Enlil, Eos, Epona, Ereskigal, Farbauti, Fenrir, Forseti, Freya, Freyr, Frigg, Gaia, Ganesha, Ganga, Garuda, Gauri, Geb, Geong Si, Guanyin, Hades, Hanuman, Hathor, Hecate (Hekate), Helios, Heng-o (Chang-o), Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, Hestia, Hod, Hoderi, Hoori, Horus, Hotei, Huitzilopochtli, Hsi-Wang-Mu, Hygeia, Inanna, Inti, Iris, Ishtar, Isis, Ixtab, Izanaki, Izanami, Juno, Jupiter, Juturna, Kagutsuchi, Kartikeya, Khepri, Ki, Kingu, Kinich Ahau, Kishar, Krishna, Kuan-yin, Kukulcan, Kvasir, Lakshmi, Leto, Liza, Loki, Lugh, Luna, Magna Mater, Maia, Marduk, Mars, Mazu, Medb, Mercury, Mimir, Min, Minerva, Mithras, Morrigan, Mot, Mummu, Muses, Nammu, Nanna, Nanna (Norse), Nanse, Neith, Nemesis, Nephthys, Neptune, Nergal, Ninazu, Ninhurzag, Nintu, Ninurta, Njord, Nugua, Nut, Odin, Ohkuninushi, Ohyamatsumi, Orgelmir, Osiris, Ostara, Pan, Parvati, Phaethon, Phoebe, Phoebus Apollo, Pilumnus, Poseidon, Quetzalcoatl, Rama, Re, Rhea, Sabazius, Sarasvati, Selene, Shiva, Seshat, Seti, Shamash, Shapsu, Shen Yi, Shiva, Shu, Si-Wang-Mu, Sin, Sirona, Sol, Surya, Susanoh, Tawaret, Tefnut, Tezcatlipoca, Thanatos, Thor, Thoth, Tiamat, Tianhou, Tlaloc, Tonatiuh, Toyo-Uke-Bime, Tyche, Tyr, Utu, Uzume, Vediovis, Venus, Vesta, Vishnu, Volturnus, Vulcan, Xipe, Xi Wang-mu, Xochipilli, Xochiquetzal, Yam, Yarikh, Yhwh, Ymir, Yu-huang, Yum Kimil, Zeus.
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World Languages
6,909 Known Living Languages Link ethnologue.com
Top Languages (First Language Speakers) Link
Rank Language Primary Country Total Countries Speakers (millions)
1 Chinese [zho] China 31 1,213
2 Spanish [spa] Spain 44 329
3 English [eng] United Kingdom 112 328
4 Arabic [ara] Saudi Arabia 57 221
5 Hindi [hin] India 20 182
6 Bengali [ben] Bangladesh 10 181
7 Portuguese [por] Portugal 37 178
8 Russian [rus] Russian Federation 33 144
9 Japanese [jpn] Japan 25 122
10 German, Standard [deu] Germany 43 90.3
11 Javanese [jav] Indonesia 5 84.6
12 Lahnda [lah] Pakistan 8 78.3
13 Telugu [tel] India 10 69.8
14 Vietnamese [vie] Viet Nam 23 68.6
15 Marathi [mar] India 5 68.1
16 French [fra] France 60 67.8
17 Korean [kor] Korea, South 33 66.3
18 Tamil [tam] India 17 65.7
19 Italian [ita] Italy 34 61.7
20 Urdu [urd] Pakistan 23 60.6
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The following is a list of debilitating diseases for which medical science has no cure; by which is meant a means of inducing a permanent end to the specific instance of the disease (Partial List). Link
Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, acquired, immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), see also HIV, Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, disease), Aspartylglucosaminuria, Asthma, Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease, Avian influenza, B-mannosidosis, Batten disease (juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis), Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, �mad cow� disease), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), see also bovine spongiform encephalopathy and kuru, Crohn's disease, Currarino triad, Cystic fibrosis, Cystinosis, Dementia, Dysmyelogenic leukodystrophy (DMD, a.k.a. Alexander disease), Ebola, Emphysema (C.O.P.D.), Farber disease, Fatal familial insomnia, Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, Fucosidosis, Galactosialidosis (Goldberg syndrome), Gaucher disease, GM1 gangliodsidosis, Hairy cell leukemia, Heart disease (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy)-HCM or HOCM, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HVPS), Herpes zoster, High grade astrocytoma (brain cancer), Hurler syndrome (includes Hurler-Scheie), Hunter syndrome, Huntington's disease, infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, Immune or idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, Influenza, Krabbe disease, Kuru, see Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Lissencephaly, Lymphocytic lymphomas, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Small lymphocytic lymphoma, Maroteaux-Lamy, Marburg hemorrhagic fever, Measles, Metastatic melanoma, Metastatic breast cancer, Metastatic prostate cancer, Non-small cell lung cancer, Metastatic gastric cancer, Metastatic merkel cell carcinoma, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Morquio A, Mucolipidosis II (I-cell Disease), Mucolipidosis IV, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Myasthenia gravis, Niemann-Pick disease (All types: A, B and C), Parkinson's disease, Polio, Pompe disease, Prosaposin, Progeria, Pseudomyxoma peritonei, Psoriasis, Salla disease, Sandhoff disease, Sanfilippo A, Scheie syndrome, Schindler disease, Schizophrenia, Sialidosis (mucolipidosis I), Sly syndrome, Spherocytosis, Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), Spinocerebellar ataxia, Spreading adenocarcinoma, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Systemic sclerosis, Takayasu's arteritis (pulseless disease), Tay-Sachs disease, Thalassemia, Wolan disease (wikibin.org 2010).
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Hominid Species talkorigins.org
The species here are listed roughly in order of appearance in the fossil record (note that this ordering is not meant to represent an evolutionary sequence). New biochemical evidence indicated that the last common ancestor of hominids and apes occurredbetween 5 and 10 million years ago, and probably in the lower end of that range (Lewin 1987).
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis - This species was named in July 2002 from fossils discovered in Chadin Central Africa (Brunet et al. 2002, Wood 2002). It is the oldest known hominid or near-hominid species, dated at between 6 and 7 million years old.
Orrorin tugenensis - This species was named in July 2001 from fossils discovered in western Kenya (Senut et al. 2001).The fossils include fragmentary arm and thigh bones, lower jaws, and teeth and were discovered in deposits that are about 6 million years old.
Ardipithecus ramidus - This species was named Australopithecus ramidus in September 1994 (White et al. 1994; Wood 1994) from some fragmentary fossils dated at 4.4 million years. A more complete skull and partial skeleton was discovered in late 1994 and based on that fossil, the species was reallocated to the genus Ardipithecus (White et al. 2005).
Australopithecus anamensis - This species was named in August 1995 (Leakey et al. 1995). The material consists of 9 fossils, mostly found in 1994, from Kanapoi in Kenya, and 12 fossils, mostly teeth found in 1988, from Allia Bay in Kenya (Leakey etal. 1995). Anamensis existed between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago.
Australopithecus afarensis - A. afarensis existed between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. Afarensishad an apelike face with a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, and no chin. They had protruding jaws with large back teeth. Cranial capacity varied from about 375 to 550 cc. The skull is similar to that of a chimpanzee, except for the more humanlike teeth.
Kenyanthropus platyops - This species was named in 2001 from a partial skull found in Kenya with an unusual mixture of features (Leakey et al. 2001). It is aged about 3.5 million years old. The size of the skull is similar to A. afarensis and A. africanus, and has a large, flat face and small teeth.
Australopithecus africanus - A. africanus existed between 3 and 2 million years ago. It is similar to afarensis, and was also bipedal, but body size was slightly greater. Brain size may also have been slightly larger, ranging between 420 and 500 cc. This is a little larger than chimp brains (despite a similar body size), but still not advanced in the areas necessary for speech
Australopithecus garhi - This species was named in April 1999 (Asfaw et al. 1999). It is known from a partial skull. The skull differs from previous australopithecine species in the combination of its features, notably the extremely large size of its teeth, especially the rear ones, and a primitive skull morphology. Some nearby skeletal remains may belong to the same species.
Australopithecus sediba - A. sediba was discovered at the site of Malapa in South Africa in 2008. Two partial skeletons were found, of a young boy and an adult female, dated between 1.78 and 1.95 million years ago (Berger et al. 2010, Balter 2010). It is claimed by its finders to be transitional between A. africanus and Homo and, because it is more similar to Homo than any other australopithecine, a possible candidate for the ancestor of Homo.
Australopithecus aethiopicus - A. aethiopicus existed between 2.6 and 2.3 million years ago. This speciesis known from one major specimen, the Black Skull discovered by Alan Walker, and a few other minor specimens which may belong to the same species. It may be an ancest or of robustus and boisei, but it has a baffling mixture of primitive and advanced traits.
Australopithecus robustus - A. robustus had a body similar to that of africanus, but a larger and more robust skull and teeth. It existed between 2 and 1.5 million years ago. The massive face is flat or dished, with no forehead and large brow ridges. It has relatively small front teeth, but massive grinding teeth in a large lower jaw.
Australopithecus boisei (was Zinjanthropusboisei) - A. boisei existed between 2.1 and 1.1 million years ago. It was similar torobustus, but the face and cheek teeth were even more massive, some molars being up to 2 cm across. The brain size is very similar to robustus, about 530 cc. A few experts consider boisei and robustus to be variants of the same species.
Homo habilis - H. habilis, "handy man", was so called because of evidence of tools found with its remains. Habilis existed between 2.4 and 1.5 million years ago. It is very similar to australopithecines in many ways. The face is still primitive, but it projects less than in A. africanus. The back teeth are smaller, but still considerably larger than in modern humans.
Homo georgicus - This species was named in 2002 to contain fossils found in Dmanisi, Georgia, which seem intermediate between H. habilis and H. erectus. The fossils are about 1.8 million years old, consisting of three partial skulls and three lower jaws. The brain sizes of the skulls vary from 600 to 780 cc. The height, as estimated from a foot bone, would have been about 1.5 m (4'11"). A partial skeleton was also discovered in 2001 but no details are available on it yet. (Vekua et al. 2002, Gabunia et al. 2002)
Homo erectus - H. erectus existed between 1.8 million and 300,000 years ago. Like habilis, the face has protruding jaws with large molars, no chin, thick brow ridges, and a long low skull, with a brain size varying between 750 and 1225 cc. Early erectus specimens average about 900 cc, while late ones have an average of about 1100 cc (Leakey 1994
Homo ergaster - Some scientists classify some African erectus specimens as belonging to a separate species, Homo ergaster, which differs from the Asian H. erectus fossils in some details of the skull (e.g. the brow ridges differ in shape, and erectus would have a larger brain size). Under this scheme, H. ergaster would include fossils such as the Turkana boy and ER 3733.
Homo antecessor - Homo antecessor was named in 1977 from fossils found at the Spanish cave site of Atapuerca, dated to at least 780,000 years ago, making them the oldest confirmed European hominids. The mid-facial area of antecessor seems very modern, but other parts of the skull such as the teeth, forehead and brow ridges are much more primitive. Many scientists are doubtful about the validity of antecessor, partly because its definition is based on a juvenile specimen, and feel it may belong to another species. (Bermudez de Castro et al. 1997; Kunzig 1997, Carbonell et al. 1995)
Homo sapiens (archaic) (also Homo heidelbergensis) - Archaic forms of Homo sapiens first appear about 500,000 years ago. The term covers a diverse group of skulls which have features of both Homo erectus and modern humans. The brain size is larger than erectus and smaller than most modern humans, averaging about 1200 cc, and the skull is more rounded than in erectus. The skeleton and teeth are usually less robust than erectus, but more robust than modern humans.
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (also Homoneanderthalensis) - Neandertal (or Neanderthal) man existed between 230,000 and 30,000 years ago. The average brain size is slightly larger than that of modern humans, about 1450 cc, but this is probably correlated with their greater bulk. The brain case however is longer and lower than that of modern humans, with a marked bulge at the back of the skull. Like erectus, they had a protruding jaw and receding forehead.
Homo floresiensis - Homo floresiensis was discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003. Fossils have been discovered from a number of individuals. The most complete fossil is of an adult female about 1 meter tall with a brain size of 417 cc. Other fossils indicate that this was a normal size for floresiensis. It is thought that floresiensis is a dwarf form of Homo erectus - it is not uncommon for dwarf forms of large mammals to evolve on islands.
Homo sapiens sapiens (modern) - Modern forms of Homo sapiens first appear about 195,000 years ago .Modern humans have an average brain size of about 1350 cc. The fore head rises sharply, eyebrow ridges are very small or more usually absent, the chin is prominent, and the skeleton is very gracile. About 40,000 years ago, with the appearance of the Cro-Magnon culture, toolkits started becoming markedly more sophisticated, using a wider variety of raw materials such as bone and antler, and containing new implements for making clothing, engraving and sculpting. Fine artwork, in the form of decorated tools, beads, ivory carvings of humans and animals, clay figurines, musical instruments, and spectacular cave paintings appeared over the next 20,000 years. (Leakey 1994).
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Earth (Notables)
The Earth is traveling at 1,000 miles per hour, flying 18.5 miles per second around the sun, and that our solar system is speeding 140 miles per second around the galactic center of our Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way in turn is traveling 25 miles per second towards the center of our Local Group, which is traveling 375 miles per second toward the Virgo Cluster. The Earth is on a 23-degree angle, and it wobbles.
Our Solar System is about 4.6 billion years old and is bent. Our star, the sun, accounts for 99.85% of the mass in our solar system. The sun is a yellow dwarf star and was formed out of the solar nebula about 4.6 billion years ago. It will last another 7 billion years. There are about 100 billion similar type starts (G2) in our Milky Way galaxy. The Sun looks yellow because of the Earths atmosphere, if you saw it from space it would look white. The temperature of the Sun at it's core is 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees Celsius) and on it's surface it is 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5,500 degrees Celsius). The Earths core is 11,000 degree Fahrenheit (6,093 degrees Celsius).
We can only breathe naturally some 10,000 feet (1.893 miles, 3048 meters) above the Earth?s surface and less then 1 miles beneath the earth's surface on land. The fast we have drilled down was 12.3 km the kola hole from land crust. 1.4 km into ocean crust. The crust is 30 km to 50 km thick. Oil wells can be 6 km deep. It is 6,371 km to the center of the Earth. 75% of the Earths atmosphere is contained in the first 11 km (6.8 miles) about the planets surface. The Earth's entire atmosphere extends out to 10,000 km (6,214 miles) above the surface. Space begins at 100 km (62 miles). Nasa awards astronaut status to those who reach an altitude of 50 miles (80,467 km). Commercial planes fly at 30,000 feet (5.68 miles - 9,139 km) and the most powerful jets at 100,000 feet (18.94 miles- 30,474 km). The earth only became breathable some 500 million year ago. Today's tallest building is only approximately 2,716 feet (828 meters) tall.
The total surface of the earth is 196,936,000 square miles. 57,500,000 square miles of land and 139,439,000 square miles of water. Water covers 70.9% of the worlds surface. We can breath only 10,000 feet above the surface. So We have a total of 372,799,848 cubic square miles to live and work on and exist in. It actually takes exactly 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds to rotate on it's axis not 24 hours. The Earth is 32.1% iron, 30.1 oxygen, 15.1% silicone and 13.9% magnesium. 88% of the core is iron and 47% of the crust is oxygen.
The universe may be 100 billion light year long and is expanding at a accelerated rate. The universe is flat. There are appropriately 100 billion galaxies in the universe and our galaxy, the Milky Way has 200 to 400 billion stars in it.
The universe is 13.7 billion years old. Earth is 4.55 billion years old. The Earth was created 9 billion years after the universe came into existence. The Earth was formed from the solar nebula that was left over after the formation of our Sun. The Earth rotates due to left over momentum from the solar nebula.
Life started on Earth Approximately 3.8 billion years ago, 700 million years after the planet was formed. The oldest record of animal life on Earth was 650 million years ago and the earliest fossils of hard body animals was 550 million years ago. Sex was pioneered 380 million years ago by prehistoric fish living on ancient tropical coral reefs in the Devonian period.
Humankind, or hominids, came into existence about 7 million years ago. Humans, Homo sapiens, the last surviving hominid, came into existence about 195,000 years ago.
Our galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy, will cross paths with the Andromeda galaxy in about 3 billion years. Andromeda is about twice as large as the Milky Way galaxy.
Conversions Link
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers or 1609.34 meters 1 mile = 5,280 feet.
1 foot = 3.28 meters or 3,280.83 kilometers 1 light year = 5,865,696,000,000 miles
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Comparison of Major Creationist Views wikipedia.com
|
|
Humanity |
Biological species |
Earth |
Age of Universe |
| Young Earth creationism |
|
Directly created by God. |
Directly created by God. Macroevolution does not occur. |
Less than 10,000 years old. Reshaped by global flood. |
Less than 10,000 years old (some hold this view only for our solar system). |
| Gap creationism |
Directly created by God. |
Directly created by God. Macroevolution does not occur. |
Scientifically accepted age. Reshaped by global flood. |
Scientifically accepted age. |
| Progressive creationism |
|
Directly created by God (based on primate anatomy). |
Direct creation + evolution. No single common ancestor. |
Scientifically accepted age. No global flood. |
Scientifically accepted age. |
| Intelligent design |
Proponents hold various beliefs. for example, Behe accepts evolution from primates |
Divine intervention at some point in the past, as evidenced by what intelligent-design creationists call "irreducible complexity" |
Some adherents accept common descent, others not. Some claim the existence of Earth is the result of divine intervention |
Scientifically accepted age |
| Theistic evolution |
Evolution from primates. |
Evolution from single common ancestor. |
Scientifically accepted age. No global flood. |
Scientifically accepted age. |
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U.S. Related Lists and Documents
U.S. Declaration of Independence (Excerpts) - July 4, 1776
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
The Constitution of the United States (Excerpts) - June 21, 1788
?We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.?
Article IV - The States
Section 4
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature,or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
Article V - Amendment
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Amendment 1 - Freedom of Religion, Press, Expression - Ratified 12.15.1791
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or often press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment 2 - Right to Bear Arms - Ratified 12.15.1791
?A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed?
Amendment 9 - Construction of Constitution - Ratified 12.15.1791
?The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people?
Amendment 10 - Powers of the States and People - Ratified 12.15.1791
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Amendment 14 - Citizenship Rights - Ratified 7.9.1868 (Partial)
?All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.?
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union - March 1, 1781 (Excerpt)
Article 1 The style of this confederacy shall be, The United States of America."
Article 3. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, order attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.
The Virginia Declaration of Rights -June 12, 1776 (Except)
A DECLARATION OF RIGHTS made by the representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free convention which rights do pertain to themand their posterity, as the basis and foundation of government.
Section 1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity;namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.
Common Sense By Thomas Paine - February 14, 1776 (Excerpt)
Introduction - Perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages, are not yet sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favor; a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom. But tumult soon subsides. Time makes more converts than reason.
As a long and violent abuse of power is generally the means of calling the right of it in question, (and in matters too which might never have been thought of, had not the sufferers been aggravated into the inquiry,) and as the king of England hath undertaken in his own right, to support the parliament in what he calls theirs, and as the good people of this country are grievously oppressed by the combination, they have an undoubted privilege to inquire into the pretensions of both, and equally to reject the usurpations of either.
Declaration of Rights and Grievances - First Continental Congress - October 1774 (Excerpt)
That the inhabitants of the English Colonies in North America, by the immutable laws of nature, the principles of the English constitution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following Rights:
1. That they are entitled to life, liberty, and property, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever, a right to dispose of either without their consent.
The Rights of the Colonists , 1772 by Samuel Adams (Excerpt)
I. Natural Rights of the Colonists as Men
Among the natural rights of the Colonists are these: First, a right to life; Secondly, to liberty; Thirdly, to property; together with the right to support and defend them in the best manner they can. These are evident branches of, rather than deductions from, the duty of self-preservation, commonly called the first law of nature.
U.S. Federal Government
Legislative Branch:
Senate (Upper House) 100 Voting Members/U.S. Senators. 39 have been women. 8 were widows of U.S. Senators.
House of Representatives (Lower House) 435 Voting Members/U.S. Representatives. 229 have been women. 36 were widows of U.S. Representatives.
The first women in the U.S. Congress was in 1917.
January 2011 - 112th United States Congress
Administrative Branch: President (1 President), January 2009, 44 Presidents. There has been no woman President or Vice President.
Judicial Branch: Supreme Court - 9 Judges. As of May 2011 112 people have been appointed to the Supreme Court. Of which have been women judges the last two appointments. As of May 2011, 3 of the 9 U.S. Supreme Courts Justices are women. There has never been a women U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice. The first women appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court was in 1981.
_____________________
275 - Number of Federal Employees in the U.S. to make a Federal Law and the number of Federal Employees to keep in 100% enforcement by all U.S. Law Enforcement Personnel. 79% are in the U.S. House of Representatives.
51 U.S. Senators (Majority of the U.S. Senate)
218 U.S. Representatives (Majority of the U.S. House of Representatives)
1 U.S. President
5 Judges (Majority of the U.S. Supreme Court)
Or 362 Federal Employees to override a U.S> Presidential Veto:
67 U.S. Senators (2/3 of the U.S. Senate)
290 U.S. Representatives (2/3 Of the U.S. House of Representative)
5 Judges (Majority of the U.S. Supreme Court)
Less then 10% of Presidential Vetoes have been overridden.
From 1789 to 2002, The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that 158 acts of the U.S. Congress were unconstitutional. 1,539 total governmental laws have been ruled unconstitutional.
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United States Goverment Personell
Bureau of Labor Statistics Link
With about 2.0 million civilian employees, the Federal Government, excluding the Postal Service, is the Nation's largest employer. About 85 percent of Federal employees work outside the Washington, DC metropolitan area.
The Federal Government was established by the Constitution to provide services to the public. While these services vary considerably, all are designed to improve the lives of the United States population, as well as people around the world.
Federal Government civilian employment, except U.S. Postal Service, November 2008 (Employment in thousands)
|
|
United States
|
Washington MSA
|
|
Total
|
1,909
|
320
|
| |
|
Executive departments
|
1,664
|
238
|
|
Defense, total
|
652
|
68
|
|
Army
|
244
|
20
|
|
Navy
|
175
|
25
|
|
Air Force
|
149
|
6
|
|
Other
|
84
|
17
|
|
Veterans Affairs
|
280
|
8
|
|
Homeland Security
|
171
|
23
|
|
Justice
|
108
|
24
|
|
Treasury
|
88
|
12
|
|
Agriculture
|
82
|
8
|
|
Interior
|
67
|
7
|
|
Health and Human Services
|
64
|
30
|
|
Transportation
|
55
|
9
|
|
Commerce
|
39
|
20
|
|
Labor
|
16
|
6
|
|
Energy
|
15
|
5
|
|
State
|
15
|
12
|
|
Housing and Urban Development
|
9
|
3
|
|
Education
|
4
|
3
|
| |
|
Independent agencies
|
180
|
48
|
|
Social Security Administration
|
64
|
2
|
|
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
|
18
|
4
|
|
Environmental Protection Agency
|
18
|
5
|
|
General Services Administration
|
12
|
4
|
|
Office of Personnel Management
|
5
|
2
|
|
Smithsonian Institution
|
4
|
4
|
|
Other
|
59
|
27
|
| |
|
Judicial branch
|
33
|
3
|
|
Legislative branch
|
30
|
29
|
|
SOURCE: U.S. Office of Personnel Management
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Federal Law Enforcement in the U.S.
wikipedia.com Link
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Office of Inspector General (USDAOIG)
United States Forest Service (USFS)
U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement and Investigations (USFSLEI)
Department of Commerce (DOC)
Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
Office of Export Enforcement (OEE)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
National Institute of Standards and Technology Police (NIST Police)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement (OLE)
Department of Commerce Office of Security (DOCOS)
Department of Commerce Office of Inspector General (DOCOIG)
Department of Defense (DOD)
Office of Inspector General (DODOIG)
Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS)
Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA)
United States Pentagon Police (USPPD)
Department of Defense Police (DoD) Police
Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Police
National Security Agency (NSA) Police
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) Police
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Police
Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR)
Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR) Department of the Air Force
Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI)
Air Force Security Forces Center (AFSFC)
Department of the Air Force Police Department of the Army
United States Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID)
United States Army Military Intelligence (Counterintelligence Special Agents)
United States Army Military Police Corps
Department of the Army Police
United States Army Corrections Command Department of the Navy
Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division (MC CID)
Department of the Navy Police
Marine Corps Provost Marshal's Office (USMC military police)
United States Marine Corps Police (USMC civilian Police)
Master-at-Arms (U.S. Navy military police)
Department of Education
Office of the Inspector General (EDOIG)
Department of Energy (DOE)
Office of Inspector General (DOEOIG)
Office of Health, Safety and Security (DOEHSS)
Office of Secure Transportation (OST)
Department of Health and Human Services
United States Food and Drug and Administration (HHSFDA)
Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Institutes of Health Police (NIH Police)
Office of Inspector General (HHSOIG)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC)
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
United States Coast Guard (USCG)
Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS)
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
Office of Field Operations (OFO)
United States Border Patrol (USBP)
Office of CBP Air and Marine (OAM)
Federal Protective Service (FPS)
United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Enforcement Removal Operations (ERO)
Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
Office of Intelligence
Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
United States Secret Service (USSS)
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
Office of Law Enforcement/Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)
Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General (DHSOIG)
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Office of Inspector General (HUD/OIG)
Protective Service Division (HUDPSD)
Department of the Interior (USDI)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Bureau of Indian Affairs Police (BIA Police)
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
Bureau of Land Management Office of Law Enforcement (BLM Rangers and Special Agents)
Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
Bureau of Reclamation Office of Law Enforcement (BOR Rangers)
Hoover Dam Police aka Bureau of Reclamation Police
National Park Service (NPS)
Division of Law Enforcement, Security and Emergency Services (Law Enforcement Rangers)
United States Park Police
Office of Inspector General (DOIOIG)
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE)
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
Office of Law Enforcement
Division of Refuge Law Enforcement
Department of Justice (USDOJ)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) (since 1973)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Federal Bureau of Investigation Police (FBI Police)
Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
Office of Inspector General (DOJOIG)
United States Marshals Service (USMS)
Department of Labor
Office of Inspector General (DOLOIG)
Department of State (DOS)
Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
Office of Inspector General (SDOIG)
Department of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Office of Inspector General (DOTOIG)
United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety (USMMADPS)
Department of the Treasury
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP)
Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police (BEP Police)
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN)
Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division (IRS-CI)
Office of Inspector General (TREASOIG)
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA)
United States Mint Police (USMP)
Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP)
Department of Veterans Affairs
Office of Inspector General (VAOIG)
Veterans Affairs Police
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Criminal Investigation Division (EPACID)
Office of Inspector General (EPAOIG)
United States Congress
Library of Congress, Office of Security and Emergency Preparedness (LOC)
Library of Congress Police - merged into the U.S. Capitol Police.
Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives
Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate
United States Capitol Police (USCP)
United States Government Printing Office Police
Office of Inspector General, United States Government Printing Office
United States Supreme Court
Marshal of the United States Supreme Court
Supreme Court Police
Other Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Administrative Office of the U. S. Courts, Office of Probation and Pretrial Services (AOUSC)
United States Supreme Court Police
Amtrak Office of Inspector General
Amtrak Office of Security Strategy and Special Operations (OSSSO)
Amtrak Police
Central Intelligence Agency Security Protective Service (CIASPS)
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Office of Inspector General (FDICOIG)
Federal Reserve Bank: Federal Reserve Police
General Services Administration, Office of Inspector General (GSAOIG)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Office of Inspector General (NASAOIG)
NASA Security Services
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Inspector General (NRCOIG)
Office of Personnel Management, Office of Inspector General (OPMOIG)
Railroad Retirement Board, Office of Inspector General (RRBOIG)
Small Business Administration, Office of Inspector General (SBAOIG)
Smithsonian Institution
Office of Protection Services (SI)
National Zoological Park Police (NZPP)
Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
Social Security Administration Office of Inspector General (SSAOIG)
Tennessee Valley Authority
Tennessee Valley Authority Office of Inspector General (TVAOIG)
Tennessee Valley Authority Police (TVAP)
United States Agency for International Development, Office of Inspector General (AIDOIG)
United States Postal Service (USPS)
USPS Office of Inspector General (USPSOIG)
United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)
U.S. Postal Police
In 2004, federal agencies employed approximately 105,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Compared with 2002, employment of such personnel increased by 13%. Women accounted for 16% of federal officers in 2004, an increase from 14.8% in 2002.
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State Law Enforcement Agenicies (Links)
wikipeida.com Link
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Countries and thier Popluations that have Some Form of a Coummunist Goverment.
China: 1.339 Billion Vietnam : 87.3 Million North Korea: 24.3 Million Cuba: 11.2 Million Laos: 6.2 Million Approximate Total: 1.468 Billion People (21% of World Population) 6.918 World Population 2010. There were about 224 Countries in the World in 2010. Link
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Other World Creatures
Recently Extinct Animals
buzzle.com Link
In 2009, the International Union for Conservation on Nature (IUCN) - the premier organization working for conservation of species - came up with a press statement stating that the "Wildlife crisis on the planet have become worse than economic crisis." The organization - which has been in the picture for quite sometime now - has an exhaustive database of the global conservation status of plant and animal species which is referred to as the IUCN Red List. A look at this list reveals that the damage caused to the biodiversity of our planet is much more severe than we can imagine, and the list of extinct animals in the last 100 years given below highlights this fact very well.
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Link
| Species |
Geographical Range |
Year of Extinction* |
Cause of Extinction |
| Arabian Ostrich |
Arabian Peninsula |
1966 |
Excessive hunting |
| Atitlan Grebe |
Guatemala |
1989 |
Habitat loss |
| Bali Tiger |
Indonesia |
1937 |
Excessive hunting |
| Bubal Hartebeest |
Africa |
1923 |
Excessive hunting |
| Bushwren |
New Zealand |
1972 |
Large scale predation by mustelids |
| Canarian Black Oystercatcher |
Canary Islands, Spain |
1994 |
Human encroachment/Habitat loss |
| Cape Verde Giant Skink |
Cape Verde Islands |
1914 |
Habitat loss |
| Caribbean Monk Seal |
Caribbean Sea |
1952 |
Excessive hunting |
| Carolina Parakeet |
United States of America |
1918 |
Excessive hunting |
| Caspian Tiger |
Asia |
1930s |
Excessive hunting/Loss of Habitat |
| Caucasian Wisent |
Europe |
1927 |
Large scale predation |
| Colombian Grebe |
Colombia |
1977 |
Large scale predation/Excessive hunting |
| Crescent Nail-tail Wallaby |
Australia |
1927 |
Large scale predation by Red fox |
| Golden Toad |
Monteverde |
1989 |
Climate change/Fungal epidemic |
| Grand Cayman Thrush |
Grand Cayman |
1938 |
Habitat loss/Excessive hunting/Predation |
| Guam Flying Fox |
Guam (US Territory) |
1967 |
Habitat Loss/Predation by brown tree snakes |
| Hawai'i 'O'o |
Hawaii |
1934 |
Excessive hunting |
| Heath Hen |
New England |
1932 |
Excessive hunting for food |
| Japanese Sea Lion |
Japanese Archipelago |
1974 |
Excessive hunting |
| Javan Tiger |
Indonesia |
1972 |
Habitat loss/Excessive hunting |
| Kaua'i 'O'o |
Hawaii |
1987 |
Avian diseases |
| Laughing Owl |
New Zealand |
1914 |
Habitat loss/Predation by domestic cats |
| Laysan Rail |
Hawaii |
1944 |
Habitat/Predation by rats |
| Little Swan Island Hutia |
Caribbean |
1950s |
Predation by domestic cats |
| Palestinian Painted Frog |
Israel |
1955 |
Habitat loss |
| Paradise Parrot |
Australia |
1927 |
Habitat loss/Predation by domestic cats |
| Passenger Pigeon |
North America |
1912 |
Excessive hunting for food |
| Pyrenean Ibex |
France and Spain |
2000 |
Excessive hunting |
| Roque Chico de Salmor Giant Lizard |
Canary Islands, Spain |
1930s |
Commercial exploitation in scientific research |
| Round Island Burrowing Boa |
Round Island, Mauritius |
1975 |
Loss of habitat |
| Ryukyu Wood-pigeon |
Okinawa Archipelago, Japan |
1936 |
Habitat loss |
| Santo Stefano Lizard |
Santo Stefano Island, Italy |
1965 |
Large scale predation/Endemic |
| Schomburgk's Deer |
Thailand |
1930s |
Excessive hunting |
| South Island Piopio |
New Zealand |
1963 |
Predation/Habitat loss |
| Syrian Wild Ass |
Asia |
1927 |
Excessive hunting |
| Tasmanian Wolf |
Australia |
1936 |
Excessive hunting/Habitat loss |
| Thicktail Chub |
California, United States |
1950s |
Habitat loss/Competition with hybrid species |
| Toolache Wallaby |
Australia |
1950s |
Excessive hunting/Predation by foxes/Habitat loss |
| Wake Island Rail |
Wake Island, Pacific Ocean |
1945 |
Excessive hunting for food |
*The year of extinction may refer to the last confirmed sighting of the species or the year in which it was officially declared extinct.
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List of Extinct Birds in the Last 100 Years
Link
These were some bird species which were found in abundance at one point of time, then went over to join the list of endangered birds of the world, before becoming a part of the list of extinct birds of the world.
Arabian Ostrich
A subspecies of ostrich native to the Arabian Peninsula, the Arabian ostrich became extinct around mid 20th century. The extinction of Arabian ostrich was triggered by the introduction of firearms, which made hunting easier. The number of these species declined drastically during the first half the 20th century. The bird was last seen in Petra, Jordan, in 1966.
Atitlan Grebe
The Atitlan grebe was a water bird native to the Lago de Atitlán in Guatemala. The introduction of bass fish in Lake Atitlan in mid 20th century, depleted the number of crabs and other small fish which inhabited the lake, thus depriving the Atitlan grebe species of their primary food source. The last blow for the Atitlan grebe came in form of the loss of habitat when a earthquake that hit this region in 1976, fractured the river bed and drained all the water from the lake. The bird was last seen in this region in 1989.
Bushwren
The extinction of Bushwren, a small bird native to New Zealand, was triggered by the introduction of mustelids, a predatory mammal, in this region. Bushwren was typically characterized by its trait to nest on or near the ground, which made it an easy prey for mustelids and feral cats. The bird had become rare by the beginning of the 20th century itself. It was last seen on Kaimohu Island, where it was shifted as a last attempt to revive the declining population, in 1972.
Canary Islands Oystercatcher
The Canary Islands Oystercatcher, also known as the Canarian Black Oystercatcher, was a bird species native to the Canary Island in Spain. Human encroachment in its natural habitat and the havoc caused by predatory rats triggered the extinction of Canary Islands Oystercatcher in the beginning of the 20th century. Unconfirmed reports suggest that the bird was last seen in late 1940s in this region. The bird was finally declared extinct in 1994 after several attempts to find it were futile.
Carolina Parakeet
The only species of parrot native to the eastern parts of the United States, the Carolina parakeet went extinct in early 20th century. Large scale deforestation near Gulf of Mexico and Ohio Valley for agricultural purpose resulted in extensive loss of habitat for this bird species. In the following years they were hunted in large numbers, for their colorful feathers that were used for decoration, and were exterminated by farmers who considered them pests. All these factors together led to the extinction of Carolina parakeet. The last Carolina parakeet in wild was seen in 1904, and the last bird in captivity died in 1918.
Colombian Grebe
Colombian grebe, an aquatic bird endemic to the Bogota wetlands in Colombia, was driven to extinction due to loss of habitat and excessive predation in the second half of the 20th century. Heavy siltation of the Bogota wetlands which these birds inhabited along with excessive reed harvest in this region resulted in loss of habitat for this bird species. Large scale predation by Rainbow-trouts and hunting by humans reduced the population of Colombian grebe to less then a hundred individuals by 1970. The last reported sighting of this bird came in 1977, after which it was added to the list of extinct birds in the last 100 years.
Grand Cayman Thrush
The beauty of the Grand Cayman Thrush, native to the Cayman Islands, proved to be a curse for this bird as it became a prime target for the bird collectors in the first half of the 20th century. Large scale destruction of habitat added to its woes by reducing their habitat and making them easy targets for bird collectors. The Grand Cayman Thrush had become quite rare by the beginning of 1930s. In the next few years the bird was virtually driven to extinction, and the final sighting took place in 1938.
Hawai'i 'O'o
The tragic tale of Hawai'i 'O'o, native to the island of Hawaii, was quite similar to that of the Grand Cayman Thrush. The beautiful plumage of this bird made it a prime target for hunters, who killed these birds extensively to collect their feathers, which were eventually used for decorations. The Hawai'i 'O'o also became a popular song bird species. Though, the bird was not able to survive in captivity for a long time, people continued to collect them. Finally, the introduction of musket made hunting more easier, which played a crucial role in the extinction of the Hawai'i 'O'o. The last bird was seen in 1934.
Heath Hen
A subspecies of the Greater Prairie-Chicken endemic to the heathland barrens of coastal New England, the Heath hen was driven to extinction by large scale hunting of this bird for food. Their number had declined extensively by the mid 19th century, however, they managed to survive the human assault for a few more years before succumbing to it. The Heath hen had become quite rare by the beginning of the 20th century. The number declined rapidly in the next few years as a result of the blackhead disease. The last sighting of this species was reported in 1932.
Kaua'i 'O'o
The Kaua'i 'O'o, was a small honey eater bird endemic to the Kauaʻi island in Hawaii. The extinction of Kaua'i 'O'o began in the 20th century with the introduction of black rats and domestic pigs, which acted as carriers of various avian diseases. The Kaua'i 'O'o was last sighted in 1987, and after several failed attempts to find them and revive their population, they were finally declared extinct.
Laysan Crake
The Laysan crake, or the Laysan rail, was a small bird found on the Laysan Island in Hawaii. The major factor responsible for the extinction of the Laysan crake was introduction of rabbits to this area, which resulted in loss of habitat for the bird species. Rabbits, with no predators to hunt them, multiplied rapidly and fed on the vegetation which triggered a domino effect on this bird species. Another prominent reason for the extinction of the Laysan crake was colonization of the island by rats. Slowly and steadily both these factors resulted in loss of habitat for the bird, which was finally driven to extinction by 1944.
New Zealand Thrush
The New Zealand Thrush, also known as the South Island Piopio, was one of the most common birds in New Zealand at one point of time. This bird species was subjected to large scale predation by cats and rats introduced to the island along with human settlement. Human encroachment also led to loss of habitat for the bird species and by the end of 19th century the most common bird became the rarest bird in the country. Occasional sightings were reported from various parts for several years to come. The last time the bird was seen was in 1963, after which it was declared extinct.
Paradise Parrot
A colorful parrot species native to the northeastern region of the Australia, the Paradise parrot was added to the list of extinct birds in the last 100 years, after it was wiped off the planet due to loss of habitat, hunting and predation. Loss of habitat due to human activities, hunting by bird collectors and predation by wild cats were responsible for the decline of the Paradise parrot species. After a few more sightings were reported, the last of which came in 1927, it was declared extinct.
Passenger Pigeon
The Passenger pigeon was one of the most common bird in the continent of North America at one point of time, however, large scale hunting for food led to its extinction by the beginning of the 20th century. The migratory bird species, which were found in large flocks, became an important source of food for the native Indians as well as the European travelers. The bird become quite rare by the end of 19th century, and finally became extinct in the first decade of the 20th century. The last reported sighting of the Passenger pigeon came in 1912.
Ryukyu Wood-pigeon
A subspecies of the pigeon, native to the Okinawa archipelago in Japan, was driven to extinction as a result of habitat destruction. Human encroachment in the tropical forests of this archipelago, destroyed the forest which was home to the Ryukyu Wood-pigeon. After initial depletion, the bird finally became extinct by 1930's. The last reported sighting of the bird came in 1936, after which it was added to the list of extinct bird species.
Wake Island Rail
The Wake Island was a flightless bird, native to the Wake island in the Pacific ocean from which it derives its name. The bird was found in abundance on this island prior to the second World War, however the Japanese forces which occupied the island during the course of war hunted these birds and drove them to extinction. It was not at all a difficult task for the Japanese soldiers to hunt these flightless birds, found in abundance, then. Owing to this large scale killing, the Wake Island Rail population began declining rapidly, and finally the bird became extinct in 1945.
White-faced Owl
The White-faced owl, also referred to as the Laughing owl, was an owl species native to New Zealand. The main reasons which led to extinction of the White-faced owl were loss of habitat and collection of these species as a research specimen. The population of this species had declined considerably by the end of the 19th century. Occasional unconfirmed sightings were reported once in while, the last of which came in 1914, after which the bird was declared extinct.
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Extinction of Animals Causes
Link
There are several causes of extinction of several animal species, prominent among which are loss of habitat, global warming and hunting. Let's take a detailed look at these prominent causes of animal extinction.
Extinction of Animals Due to Deforestation: Species-area math states that a non-linear relationship exists between the land area and the number of species residing in that area, which means lower the area, lesser the species and vice versa. Deforestation has caused the green zones of the planet to shrink, which has resulted in loss of habitat for several animal species. Some species have to venture out of their demarcated zones in search of food, which makes them more vulnerable to a life threatening conflict with the mankind, while the others are wiped off owing to the extinction of a particular species on whom they had been dependent for food.
Extinction of Animals Due to Global Warming: Scientists estimate that around 70 species of frogs have been wiped off the planet due to climate change. This is just the tip of the iceberg considering that approximately 100 to 200 species of animals, including penguins and polar bears, have become more vulnerable to extinction, owing to this increase in global temperature. Extinction of animals due to global warming is a serious issue, which is just going to get more serious with time.
Extinction of Animals Due to Hunting: The first name that comes to our mind when we hear the phrase 'extinction of animals due to hunting' is dodo. Extensive hunting of this flightless bird led to its extinction by mid 17th century. Early man hunted animals for food and though rarely, to protect himself. Today we see a more grievous picture of hunting, referred to as poaching, an attribute of animal cruelty wherein animals are hunted for economic gains. Various species, including cheetahs, tigers and elephants, have been extensively poached owing to the high demand for various animal products in the international market.
Other than these predation, diseases, competition, genetics and demographic phenomena also play a significant role in the extinction of several species from the planet.
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10 Most Dangerous Animals in the World
scienceray.com Link
10. The Bear - As humans, we share our world with many different species and animals. I am going to take you on adventure showing you the 10 most dangerous animals in the world! 10. The Bear Like Yogi Bear, bears can be your best friend and make you just want to cuddle with them. But in the wild, are they the same way? Bears are extremely dangerous met 1 on 1 in the wild which gets them the #10 spot in most dangerous animal. Fatalities a year: 5-10
9. The Shark - As children, we were all raised to be scared of sharks. From the blood and teeth in the movies, we would hate them. Well, sharks aren’t as bad as they are in the movies but they sure are nasty killers. Fatalities per year: About 100
8. The Jellyfish - Jellyfish are interesting but extremely scary creatures. From big and annoying jellyfish to extremely small, deadly ones, jellyfish make their way to #8. When making contact, the jellyfish’s tentacles can paralyze a human and manifests itself as cardiac arrest. Fatalities a year: About 100
7. The Hippopotamus - Mostly found in Africa, the hippopotamus is a large ruthless animal that lives in water and land. Its mouth can open up to 4 feet and can crush like a sledgehammer. With these characteristics, it is bound to make it into the #7 spot. Fatalities a year: 100-150
6. The Elephant - Despite their friendly appearance and cleverness, elephants have been known to attack without warning, sometimes killing zookeepers whom they’ve known for 15 years. With their size and huge tusks, it is easy to imagine why the elephant made it to spot #6. Fatalities a year: 300-500
5. The Crocodile - Mostly found in Africa and Australia, the crocodile is one of the world’s most deadliest animals. The crocodile has an amazing speed and bone-crushing jaw force. One meal will last it a while so it can wait under water to plan it’s next attack. Fatalities a year: 600-800
4. Big Cats - Animals such as lions, tigers and jaguars all fall into #4. With outrageous speeds, you are sure to be caught if you take the risky chance and run(if you do ever fall in to that situation, do not turn and run and rather look it in the eyes and open your coat to make you look bigger). Fatalities a year: About 800
3. The Scorpion - Though much smaller than most of the creatures behind it, the scorpion has a venomous sting. The scorpion most likely causes more fatalities than recorded due to the fact that the attacks occur in isolated places as it is their habitat. Fatalities a year: 800-2000
2. Venomous Snakes - More than 450 species of snakes are venomous and 250 capable of killing a man enlarging the chance of a snake you encounter to be extremely dangerous. Attacks occur mostly in Africa, Asia and North America. Humans are a great prey for venomous snakes due to the bloodstream. Once injected with venom, it runs through your whole body. Fatalities a year: 50-125,000
1. The Mosquito - I bet you were expecting the most vicious most scary animal but the biggest killer in the whole world… is the mosquito. Thanks to its ability to spread diseases with an alarming efficiency, the mosquito makes its way into #1. Best known for spreading Malaria, mosquitoes also spread elephantiasis, yellow fever and West Nile Virus. Fatalities a year: 2-3 million
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